Implicit and Explicit Exercise and Sedentary Identity

We examined the relationship between implicit and explicit “exerciser” and “sedentary” self-identity when activated by stereotypes. Undergraduate participants (N = 141) wrote essays about university students who either liked to exercise or engage in sedentary activities. This was followed by an implicit identity task and an explicit measure of exercise self-identity. Results showed that implicit and explicit exerciser identities were not highly correlated. There were also no significant prime effects, but women showed greater implicit sedentary identity, whereas men showed greater implicit exercise identity. This research suggests that implicit exercise-related identity is a distinct construct from explicit exercise identity. The results also reflect responses to societal pressures for women to be thin and for men to be strong, when free of self-presentational bias.     

Disciplinarity and sport science in Europe: A statistical and sociological study of ECSS conference abstracts

Abstract

Abstracts of European College of Sports Science conferences (1995–2014) are studied. The number of abstracts has been increasing regularly (+90 per year). This rise is in recent years largely due to extra-European countries. The magnitude and accumulation of the different topics of discussion are examined. An operational criterion determines four stages of evolution of a topic: social network, cluster, specialty, and discipline. The scientific production can, therefore, be classified as disciplinary or non-disciplinary. The disciplinary part is more important but has been less dynamic recently. The cognitive content of sport science is then explored through a multidimensional scaling of the topics based on the keywords used in the abstracts. Three areas are visible: social sciences and humanities, sports medicine and physiology, and biomechanics and neurophysiology. According to the field theory of Bourdieu (1975 Bourdieu, P. (1975). The specificity of the scientific field and the social condition of the progress of reason. Social Science Information, 14(6), 19–47. doi:10.1177/053901847501400602[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), three scientific habitus are distinguished. The logic of academic disciplinary excellence is the consequence of the autonomy of this scientific field, its closure, peer-review process, and barriers to entry. The distribution of scientific capital and professional capital is unequal across the three areas. Basically, conservation strategies of academic disciplinary excellence are predicted in biomechanics and neurophysiology, subversion strategies of interdisciplinarity based on professional concerns can appear in the sports medicine and physiology area, and critical strategies of interdisciplinarity based on social utility in social sciences and humanities. Moreover, additional tensions within these areas are depicted. Lastly methods based on co-citations of disciplines and boundary objects are proposed to find tangible patterns of multidisciplinarity confirming these strategies.     

Inter-disciplinarity in sport sciences: The neuroscience example*

Abstract

Sport science is a relatively recent domain of research born from the interactions of different disciplines related to sport. According to the European College of sport science (http://sport-science.org): “scientific excellence in sport science is based on disciplinary competence embedded in the understanding that its essence lies in its multi- and interdisciplinary character”. In this respect, the scientific domain of neuroscience has been developed within such a framework. Influenced by the apparent homogeneity of this scientific domain, the present paper reviews three important research topics in sport from a neuroscientific perspective. These topics concern the relationship between mind and motor action, the effects of cognition on motor performance, and the study of certain mental states (such as the “flow” effect, see below) and motor control issues to understand, for example, the neural substrates of the vertical squat jump. Based on the few extensive examples shown in this review, we argue that by adopting an interdisciplinary paradigm, sport science can emulate neuroscience in becoming a mono-discipline.     

主动健康:从理念到模式

面对日益蔓延的生活方式疾病,我国政府启动了主动健康科技专项,探索制定遏制慢性疾病不断恶化的中国方案。研究通过梳理现代医学模式发展脉络,面向即将到来的新科技革命,总结其学科特点,尝试给出主动健康的定义。主动健康是依照复杂性科学理论,人体可在远离平衡态形成自组织行为,通过主动对人体施加可控的刺激增加人体复杂性,从而达到健康干预的目的。研究认为,主动健康作为未来医学发展的重要方向,将会形成与现代疾病医学相互协同发展的新模式。同时,尽管运动科学是主动健康的重要组成部分,然而,面对主动健康医学的要求和未来科技发展的趋势,运动科学需要基于复杂系统、大数据和AI技术进行基础理论创新。     

Match analyses of table tennis in China: a systematic review

ABSTRACT

This study is a systematic review of match analyses of table tennis that can be used for reference in China. Using the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) as the search tool and “table tennis” as the keyword, we searched for all papers on table tennis published in Chinese core sports journals between 1980 and 2016. Then, we read through 1209 papers and divided them into different categories according to their publication types and main topics. Among them, 128 papers on match analyses met three inclusion criteria, and hence they were chosen as the reviewed studies. The results show that match analyses of table tennis in China have a sound research foundation, with the “three-phase evaluation method” and research on different topics playing an active role in helping coaches and players understand table tennis matches. Computer-aided match analysis not only enhanced the capacity and speed of data processing, but it also facilitated coaches’ and players’ understanding of tactical features by video feedback and multimedia presentation. Although match analyses of table tennis based on different theories or models are still in a preliminary stage, these studies are indeed pushing the development of this field.     

Academic-Based and Aerobic-Only Movement Breaks: Are There Differential Effects on Physical Activity and Achievement?

Purpose: This study investigated the academic achievement and physical activity differences between types of activity breaks implemented in elementary school classrooms. This study evaluated whether there was a difference between the impact of purely aerobic-based movement breaks and the impact of academic-based breaks on children’s academic achievement outcomes. Method: Participants included 460 children in 3rd grade through 5th grade at 4 elementary schools. There were 176 children in the schools that engaged in academic-based breaks and 284 in the schools that engaged in aerobic-only breaks. Schools were randomly assigned at the school level to implement either aerobic movement breaks with academic content infused within the breaks (“academic-based breaks”) or aerobic-only movement breaks without the addition of academic material (“aerobic-only breaks”) for approximately 10 min of activity per day. Math and reading achievement as well as children’s step counts were measured before and after the intervention. A mixed-effects (multilevel-growth) model, in which the repeated measures of individuals nested within a classroom are analyzed, was used to answer all posited research questions. Results: Small to moderate effect sizes (ES) indicating gains in reading achievement (ES = .13) and steps (ES = .33) were found for classrooms that used aerobic-only movement breaks compared with those that used academic-based breaks. Conclusions: The type of movement breaks that are implemented in classrooms may have differential outcomes for children’s achievement and activity levels. Results from the present study indicate that children who were given aerobic-only movement breaks had slightly larger gains in reading achievement and physical activity levels than children who were given academic-based breaks.     

Statistics,gymnastics and the origins of sport science in Belgium (and Europe)

Abstract

This paper analyses the introduction of statistics in the field of gymnastics and its effect on the institutionalisation of physical education as a fully fledged academic discipline. Soon after Belgian independence, Adolphe Quetelet's research already resulted in large-scale anthropometric statistics – indeed, he developed an index that is still being used and is better known under the name of the body mass index. His insights were applied by promoters of gymnastics who wanted to make physical education more scientific. Thus, Clément Lefébure, director of the Ecole Normale de Gymnastique et d'Escrime in Brussels, set up a comparative experiment (with pre- and post-test measurements) by which he intended to show that the ‘rational’ method of Swedish gymnastics produced much better results than the ‘empirical’ method of Belgian/German Turnen. Lefébure's experiment, which was cited internationally but which was also strongly contested by opponents, was one of the factors that led to Swedish gymnastics being officially institutionalised in 1908 at the newly founded Higher Institute of Physical Education of the State University of Ghent, the first institute in the world where students could obtain a doctoral degree in physical education. Although it rested actually on very weak scientific foundations, the bastion of Swedish gymnastics built in Belgium in that pre-war period collapsed only in the 1960s. From then on, sport science could develop fully within the institutes for physical education.     

学校体育与“三爱”教育长效机制的形成

探讨学校体育在"三爱"教育长效机制形成中的作用,为建立"三爱"教育长效机制提供参考。采用文献资料法、科学归纳法等,分析"三爱"的提出及其科学内涵。结论:建立"三爱"教育长效机制是必要的;学校体育在"三爱"教育长效机制形成中具有十分重要的作用。     

Which drop jump technique is most effective at enhancing countermovement jump ability, “countermovement” drop jump or “bounce” drop jump?

Abstract

The drop jump is a popular form of plyometric exercise often undertaken to enhance countermovement jump ability (jump height). Despite its popularity the effects of drop jump training on countermovement jump height are often inconsistent. Such inconsistencies may be as a result of differences in the drop jump technique being employed. Two recognised forms of drop jump are the “countermovement” drop jump and the “bounce” drop jump and the current study examined the effects of eight weeks of training with these drop jump techniques on countermovement jump height. Methods: A kinetic and kinematic analysis of each participant's countermovement jump, bounce- and countermovement drop jumps was undertaken prior to training. Participants were then randomly assigned to a bounce drop jump training group (n = 34), a countermovement drop jump training group (n = 35) or a control group (n = 34). Changes in jump height were examined following training. Results: The countermovement drop jump training group increased their countermovement jump height by 2.9 cm (6%), which was a significant change (P < 0.05) in comparison to that experienced by the bounce drop jump (-0.2 cm, -0.4%) and the control group (-0.1 cm, 0.2%). Conclusion: The countermovement drop jump may be more effective than the bounce drop jump at enhancing countermovement jump height.     

Sports science for golf: A survey of high-skilled golfers’ “perceptions” and “practices”

ABSTRACT

Despite a growing body of evidence on the positive impact of sports science for golf, there is still a paucity of research investigating the “perceptions” and “practices” of high-skilled golfers. Professional Golfers’ Association Assistant Professionals (future-qualified coaches; n = 430) were surveyed on their “perceptions” and “practices” of “sports science”, “warm-ups”, “cool-downs” and “strength and conditioning” for golf. Participants perceived the discipline of sports science as beneficial to golfers but lacked implementation in coaching settings. Warm-up protocols were also perceived to be beneficial to all aspects of golf performance; however, the duration of tournament-based (37.84 ± 20.05 min), warm-ups was significantly greater (p < 0.001) than practice rounds (26.26 ± 18.63 min) and range sessions (13.00 ± 13.38 min). Education continues to be required to raise the understanding of warm-ups for golf. There were mixed perceptions regarding the benefits of a cool-down, with 62.1% of the high-skilled golfers omitting a cool-down following tournament play and practice. Strength and conditioning was perceived as beneficial, with 78.51% engaging in some form of training throughout the year. Results confirm, however, that certain misconceptions around surveyed sports science practices still exist and it is imperative that education disseminates research findings and validated applied practices to coaches and golfers alike.     

Perceptions of elite coaches and sports scientists of the research needs for elite coaching practice

Abstract

A major objective of sports scientists and elite coaches is the enhancement of athletic performance. Despite this common goal, there is a general perception that research in sports science does not meet the needs of coaches. A study using survey and interview examined the perceptions of elite coaches and sports science researchers in Australia regarding the research needs of elite coaching. Congruence was found between coaches and researchers regarding research practice at the elite level. Both groups held common perceptions on the importance and application of research, the methods by which research questions are determined, and the qualities valued in elite coaches and sports science researchers. However, elite coaches perceived a need for more research in the area of sports psychology, dissemination of research findings via coaching clinics and sports-specific magazines, and the use of more appropriate “lay” language in information dissemination.     

Interpretive qualitative synthesis in the sport & exercise sciences: The meta-interpretation approach

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the interpretive synthesis of qualitative research in the sport and exercise sciences. The paper discusses the “meta-interpretation” approach which attempts to maintain an interpretive epistemology congruent with the majority of primary qualitative research. The paper reviews and evaluates eight research methods or approaches that include some form of synthesis and that are and have been widely used in sport, health and exercise research (literature review, systematic review, meta-analysis, meta-ethnography, grounded theory, cross-case comparison, secondary analysis of primary data, and interpretive phenomenological analysis). The key features of each approach are drawn out, and their implications for the meta-interpretation approach are discussed. The paper then outlines the procedure for meta-interpretation before concluding with some comments on the functions of synthesis in general and meta-interpretation in particular.     

我国马拉松赛事“同质化”问题及其消解

“马拉松跑”是我国体育产业大发展的代表性运动,政府部门和中国田协连续出台多项措施推动马拉松赛事的科学化发展。“马拉松跑”已经成为推动全民健身、弘扬体育文化、建设健康中国的重要平台,成为发展体育产业、推动体育领域供给侧改革的重要引擎,有效带动健身、休闲、娱乐、旅游和设施装备等相关产业发展,使我国马拉松赛事的关注度和产业效应不断增加。采用文献法、调查法、逻辑法等,对我国当前马拉松赛事开展情况进行分析发现,当前我国马拉松赛事增长速度虽快,但由于缺乏科学化发展规划和相关专业人才,导致大量赛事之间盲目模仿,在赛事组织、赛事内容、赛事营销、品牌建设等方面存在较为严重的“同质化”问题,特色和内涵缺失。建议通过建立多方合作的组织机制、建立多样化的竞赛体系、提升马拉松赛事品牌质量、培育全面监管下的产业市场、加强行业人才队伍培养的方式消解“同质化”问题给我国马拉松赛事发展带来的负面影响,促进其实现科学化发展的目标。     

科技论文中的学术道德失范现象与科技期刊的社会责任

科技论文中存在剽窃、抄袭、伪造或篡改数据、挂名、一稿多投、捉刀代笔等学术道德失范现象。科技论文中的学术道德失范现象的存在有害于学风建设,阻碍科研队伍的发展和科研人才的成长,影响学术交流,影响科技创新。认为:道德滑坡的社会大环境是导致学术道德失范的根本原因,学术研究领域中浮躁、浮夸心态和行为为学术道德失范推波助澜,人事与职称制度、学术激励制度和成果评价体系中存在的缺陷是导致学术道德失范的直接因素,信息来源广泛化和信息复制便捷化为学术道德失范提供“技术保障”。科技期刊应通过倡导严谨学风,构建学术信用;引领知识创新,促进科技发展;树立国际形象,促进学术交流;跟踪社会热点,深化热点问题;加强自身建设,把好学术质量关等途径,以建立起应有的学术诚信,还学术殿堂以圣洁。     

高校体育教师科学研究的现状及应对措施

从总体上看，高校体育教师的科研意识淡薄，科研知识相对欠缺，没有形成学术创新团队。高校体育教师应努力提高科学研究的水平．认真做好科研选题与立项工作，找准自己的学术生长点与学术优势。力争形成具有特色的研究方向，并形成一个相对稳定的研究群体。     

辨证与厘清:体育科学研究中“德尔菲法”应用存在的问题及程序规范

科学研究方法的规范应用是确保研究结果科学、可靠的前提。德尔菲法是体育科学研究和实践中常用的方法。通过对近20年CSSCI收录的372篇体育类学术论文中德尔菲法应用规范性情况的分析发现:德尔菲法在我国体育科学研究中的应用逐渐增加,该方法最常用于指标体系建构类研究(67.7%)。德尔菲法在体育科学研究应用中存在较多不规范之处:1)方法误用;2)方法学报告不严谨,缺少必要指标的报告;3)方法学特征不清晰;4)判定和选取专家的依据模糊;5)专家意见的纳入和删除标准不清晰;6)体系建构研究中缺少“预先定义的问题表”和“应用研究”。鉴于此,基于经典德尔菲法解读和在研读文献的基础上对德尔菲法的适用条件、应用策略、注意事项和一般流程等进行分析,并列举了体育科学研究中德尔菲法应用实例,以提升德尔菲法在体育科学研究中的应用质量。     

The demands of the extra-time period of soccer: A systematic review

ObjectiveSoccer match-play is typically contested over 90 min; however, in some cup and tournament scenarios, when matches are tied, they proceed to an additional 30 min, which is termed “extra-time” (ET). This systematic review sought to appraise the literature available on 120-min of soccer-specific exercise, with a view to identifying practical recommendations and future research opportunities.MethodsThe review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Independent researchers performed a systematic search of PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO in May 2019, with the following keywords entered in various combinations: “soccer”, “football”, “extra-time”, “extra time”, “extratime”, “120 minutes”, “120 min”, “additional 30 minutes”, and “additional 30 min”.ResultsThe search yielded an initial 73 articles. Following the screening process, 11 articles were accepted for analyses. Articles were subsequently organized into the following 5 categories: movement demands of ET, performance responses to ET, physiological and neuromuscular response during ET, nutritional interventions, and recovery and ET. The results highlighted that during competitive match-play, players cover 5%–12% less distance relative to match duration (i.e., meters per minute) during ET compared to the preceding 90 min. Reductions in technical performance (i.e., shot speed, number of passes and dribbles) were also observed during ET. Additionally, carbohydrate provision may attenuate and improve dribbling performance during ET. Moreover, objective and subjective measures of recovery may be further compromised following ET when compared to 90 min.ConclusionAdditional investigations are warranted to further substantiate these findings and identify interventions to improve performance during ET.     

Perception of Physical Activity Participation of Chinese Female Graduate Students: A Case Study

Purpose: Chinese female international students (CFIS) have been identified as one of the least physically active groups in the United States. In an effort to better understand this situation, this study's purpose was to examine CFIS in American higher education in terms of the meaning they assigned to physical activity and facilitators and barriers they experienced with regard to physical activity participation. Method: Twenty CFIS from a university in the Northwest region of the United States were recruited and interviewed. All of the interviews were conducted in Mandarin Chinese and translated and transcribed into English. The 1-on-1 semistructured interviews lasted between 45 min and 60 min each. Data were analyzed by NVivo8. Results: In terms of meaning, physical activity provided the participants with a break from their academic work, allowed them some alone time, and taught them a process for accomplishing other things in their lives. Major facilitators included social influences, ample available resources, their changing perceptions of femininity, and the need to improve or maintain health. Barriers included a lack of time, low self-efficacy, limited social support, cultural barriers, and a lack of “how-to” information. Conclusions: Understanding the physical activity experiences of CFIS is an important step in the process of promoting their long-term health and well-being. It may behoove universities with growing Chinese international student populations to add more cross-cultural content into their curriculums and fitness programs, increase awareness of cultural differences on campus, and increase accessibility to information in an effort to remove physical activity participation barriers experienced by CFIS.