运用SPCS系统对射击运动员进行心理训练的效果研究

目的:运用SPCS系统引导射击运动员进行放松、注意集中、表象演练等综合心理训练,并对其训练的效果进行评价研究。方法:对10位射击运动进行8周时间个性化的心理技能训练,训练的前、中、后期分别进行心理协调能力、运动心理技能问卷和心理疲劳问卷的测试。结果:单次的综合心理训练前后,队员的协调能力测评得分都有显著提高(p0.05);另外,整个8周训练前后,队员的心理协调能力得到了一定程度的提高,运动心理技能水平显著提高(表象技能p0.05,焦虑管理p0.05,专注p0.05,放松p0.05,总分p0.05),心理疲劳中的情绪/体力耗竭指标得分显著降低(p0.05),心技结合思维得到一定程度的强化,队员主观感觉较好。结论:利用SPCS系统对队员进行个性化心理技能训练对于队员心理协调能力、运动心理技能的提高和心理疲劳的缓解都有一定的帮助。     

Psychological resilience in sport performers: a review of stressors and protective factors

Abstract

Psychological resilience is important in sport because athletes must utilise and optimise a range of mental qualities to withstand the pressures that they experience. In this article, we discuss psychological resilience in sport performers via a review of the stressors athletes encounter and the protective factors that help them withstand these demands. It is hoped that synthesising what is known in these areas will help researchers gain a deeper profundity of resilience in sport, and also provide a rigorous and robust foundation for the development of a sport-specific measure of resilience. With these points in mind, we divided the narrative into two main sections. In the first section, we review the different types of stressors encountered by sport performers under three main categories: competitive, organisational and personal. Based on our recent research examining psychological resilience in Olympics champions, in the second section we discuss the five main families of psychological factors (viz. positive personality, motivation, confidence, focus, perceived social support) that protect the best athletes from the potential negative effect of stressors. It is anticipated that this review will help sport psychology researchers examine the interplay between stressors and protective factors, which will, in turn, focus the analytical lens on the processes underlying psychological resilience in athletes.     

Do mental skills make champions? Examining the discriminant function of the psychological characteristics of developing excellence questionnaire

Abstract

The ability to successfully develop to the highest levels in sport is dependent on a range of variables, not least an individual's ability to cope with the various challenges of development. Psychological Characteristics of Developing Excellence (PCDEs) include both the trait characteristics and the state-deployed skills that have been shown to play a crucial role in the realisation of potential. Psychological characteristics of developing excellence equip aspiring elites with the mental skills, attitudes, and emotions to cope with the challenges of the development pathway, as well as underpinning their capacity to make the most of their innate abilities. The Psychological Characteristics of Developing Excellence Questionnaire (PCDEQ) was designed to assess the possession and deployment of these characteristics. The purpose of this paper was to examine the ability of the Psychological Characteristics of Developing Excellence Questionnaire to effectively discriminate between good and poor developers based on their current possession and deployment of psychological characteristics of developing excellence. Two hundred and eighty-five athletes (n = 192 team athletes; n = 93 individual athletes) completed the Psychological Characteristics of Developing Excellence Questionnaire. Results from the discriminant function analysis suggest that the Psychological Characteristics of Developing Excellence Questionnaire correctly classifies between 67% and 75% of athletes based on their responses. The Psychological Characteristics of Developing Excellence Questionnaire can be used as a formative assessment tool to direct training programmes by identifying weaknesses in psychological characteristics of developing excellence and incorporating specific training to address these weaknesses in advance of developmental challenges.     

The yips in sport: A systematic review

ABSTRACT

The yips are a psycho-neuromuscular movement disorder, which affects sports in which fine motor precision skills are required for success. This review aims to examine key components of the yips within sport literature using a systematic approach. Twenty-five published studies were used in the systematic review, the majority of which focused on the yips in golf (n = 18); case studies were the most popular methodological approach (n = 12). Four components of the yips were identified: psychological, physiological, neurological and performance. This review describes evidence associated with each component according to research design, sample characteristics and main findings. Key findings associated with each component are evaluated and gaps within the existent literature are highlighted. It is concluded that future research incorporates a multi-discipline theory-driven approach on a wider range of sports using a more precise definition of yips types in order to enhance our understanding of the predictors and mechanisms of the yips which, in turn, will allow practitioners to develop effective interventions for athletes.     

Development and initial validation of the Psychological Characteristics of Developing Excellence Questionnaire

The development of talent is a complex process mediated by a host of psychological, social, physical, and environmental variables. Unfortunately, the multiple processes involved in talent development are frequently ignored by the systems and protocols employed in sport. Modern approaches to talent development are beginning to stress the initial possession, then subsequent development, of generic psychological characteristics (e.g. psychological characteristics of developing excellence; MacNamara, Button, & Collins, 2010a , 2010b ) as the best way to realize latent potential. Accordingly, this paper describes the development and initial validation of the Psychological Characteristics of Developing Excellence Questionnaire (PCDEQ). In the first phase, an initial list of 160 items was developed. A combination of expert panel reviews, cognitive interviews, and a pilot test was used to assess the relevance, representativeness, and validity of each item. Ninety-six items were retained following these steps. Exploratory factor analysis, with a sample of 363 athletes, revealed an interpretable 59-item, 6-factor solution with good internal consistency (0.870, 0.866, 0.847, 0.741, 0.749, and 0.701 respectively). The Psychological Characteristics of Developing Excellence Questionnaire would appear to hold promise as a useful tool to provide coaches and athletes with information about the psychological characteristics of developing excellence that are being properly addressed or neglected during different stages of development or in different contexts.     

国内外运动心理学研究现状及在高水平运动员领域的应用

高水平运动队是代表各个省、市、乃至一个国家的精神风貌和民族荣誉,它的健康成长是我国体育可持续的基本的要求。对优秀运动员来说,竞技心理素质是保证。随着现代体育竞赛的日趋激烈,一方面,优秀运动员的竞技心理对运动成绩的影响越来越凸显,另一方面,优秀运动员的竞技心理障碍更频繁产生。本文通过采用文献综述的形式对国内外运动心理学的一个研究现状及其在高水平运动员领域中的应用进行简单描述,希望能找出国内外运动心理学领域的一个差距,以更好地运用到实际的高水平运动训练和比赛中。     

山西省优秀毽球运动员心理疲劳研究

毽球运动员心理疲劳是毽球运动中极其重要的课题,文章主要从心理耗竭对运动员的影响方面入手,得出心理疲劳是长期伴随运动员的、由多种因素决定的、渐进发展的可预测现象,它在不同阶段呈现不同特点,这对运动员心理疲劳的早期诊断预防具有实际意义。     

Definition and model of life skills transfer

For a sport skill to be considered a life skill, it must be successfully transferred and applied beyond sport. Life skills transfer is an essential process, but it has yet to be fully delineated within the sport psychology literature. The purpose of the current paper is to present a definition and model of life skills transfer and outline future research needs. A critical review of the literature within sport psychology and other learning-based disciplines is offered to assess our current understanding of learning transfer. A definition and model of transfer are then presented, focusing on the athlete learner’s experience of life skills transfer. Within the model, we first examine how athletes bring personal assets and autobiographical experiences to sport. Second, we explore how sport is a learning environment with distinctive demands, programme designs, and coach characteristics and strategies. Third, we explain how transfer contexts provide environmental conditions, which, depending on how they are interpreted or experienced, can help or hinder the transfer of life skills. Ultimately, we postulate that an individual experiences life skills transfer as an ongoing process whereby he/she continually interacts and interprets his/her environments to produce positive or negative life skills transfer outcomes.     

Risk and protective factors for mental health in elite athletes: a scoping review

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this scoping review was to provide an overview of studies concerning the mental health (MH) of elite athletes and to provide a methodological, conceptual, and applied overview of factors affecting elite athletes’ MH. A total of nine reviews and 43 empirical studies were evaluated and are reported in three sections: sample characteristics, research design, and factors affecting elite athletes’ MH. These factors were grouped into risk and protective factors and divided into a personal and sport-environmental domain. The studies used quantitative (84%), qualitative (11%), and mixed-method (5%) designs and examined a wide range of sports in different countries. Our review shows that researchers have predominantly examined the prevalence of athletes’ mental ill-health (e.g. depression) and the related factors compromising MH. Potential protective factors such as the feeling of autonomy, positive relations in sport and private life, and adequate recovery were highlighted in the qualitative studies. The discussion appraises the findings through a critical lens, focuses on the current state of the research area and the MH definition, limitations, suggested practical implications (e.g. to provide MH literacy to both athletes and coaches), and future research directions (e.g. examining environments that foster elite athletes’ MH).     

上海体育学院大学生运动员的心理竞技能力与社会技能的关联

文章通过对上海体育学院大学生运动员的心理竞技能力特征与社会技能的调查统计,发现与探寻大学生运动员的心理特征和社会技能的相关关系,分析大学生运动员的性别差异,运动成绩差异等各因子之间的关联性,为大学生运动员将来的身心发展等提供科学依据与建议.研究结果推测,心理竞技能力较高的运动选手比起心理竞技能力较低的运动选手来说,社会技能也相对较高.研究结果表明,心理竞技能力与社会技能之间有非常紧密的关联性.因此,对于大学生运动员毕业后走向社会的前景来说,心理竞技能力是必不可少的一个影响要因.     

Relationships between talent development environments and mental toughness: The role of basic psychological need satisfaction

ABSTRACT

Although the talent development environment and mental toughness are critical for athletes to realise their athletic potential, there is a dearth of literature on whether the talent development environment can enhance mental toughness among those athletes who are identified with athletic potential (i.e., talented athletes). Drawing on self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), this research examined the relationships between the talent development environment, basic psychological needs satisfaction and mental toughness. Talented athletes (n = 261) completed a survey measuring key features of the talent development environment, needs satisfaction and mental toughness. The results of structural equation modelling indicated that three environmental factors (i.e., long-term development focus, holistic quality preparation and communication) were positive predictors of needs satisfaction, which then positively predicted mental toughness. The talent development environment may be considered for promoting talented athletes’ mental toughness.     

Self-Narrative Profiles of Elite Athletes and Comparisons on Psychological Well-Being

Further research is needed on factors related to the emotional health of elite athletes. Previous research has linked self-narratives of people or their narrative identities to their psychological well-being. However, no study has yet examined self-narratives among elite athletes. Purpose: This study examined whether specific profiles or narrative identities of athletes emerge through multiple self-narrative indicators; these profiles were compared on measures of psychological well-being (e.g., depression, anxiety, postfailure shame levels, and life satisfaction). Method: Self-report data were collected from a sample of elite athletes (n = 99, Mdn age = 22 years, 52% male, 53% individual sports) competing at a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1, professional, or Olympic level. Results: Latent profile analysis revealed 3 profile types that significantly differed on measures of psychological well-being. Athletes with a performance-based narrative identity (high perfectionism, fear of failure, and contingent self-worth) demonstrated the highest levels of psychological disruptions (highest levels of depression, anxiety, and shame; lowest levels of life satisfaction), whereas a purpose-based narrative identity (high purpose, global self-worth, positive view of self after sport) was associated with the highest level of psychological well-being (lowest levels of depression, anxiety, and shame; highest levels of life satisfaction). Athletes in the mixed-type profile class reported better psychological well-being compared with the performance-based profile class but not the purpose-based profile class. Conclusions: Our findings provide initial evidence that particular self-narrative profiles of elite athletes contribute to their own psychological well-being in a significant way. Possible implications for practitioners are also discussed.     

Effectiveness of psychological intervention following sport injury

With increasing attention given to the development and implementation of psychological interventions during the sport injury rehabilitation process, there is a need to document the effectiveness of these interventions. The purpose of this review was to summarize the empirical findings of the effects of psychological interventions in reducing post-injury psychological consequences and improving psychological coping during the injury rehabilitation process among competitive and recreational athletes. In February 2012, utilizing a comprehensive search strategy, we conducted electronic searches of multiple electronic databases for randomized and nonrandomized control trials that evaluated interventions targeting populations of injured competitive and recreational athletes age 17 years and older. We included interventions that directly intervene on injured athletes' psychological outcomes (e.g., psychological consequences, psychological coping and re-injury anxiety) and utilized psychological strategies including imagery, goal-setting, relaxation, and other common techniques during the post-injury rehabilitation period. Six studies, described in seven peer-reviewed published articles, met study inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Of those studies, two included randomized control trials, two used before and after study designs and two were case study designs. Two interventions utilized guided imagery and relaxation, two interventions utilized goal-setting and one each utilized microcounseling, written disclosure, and acceptance and commitment therapy. Guided imagery/relaxation was shown to be associated with improved psychological coping and reduced re-injury anxiety. Goal setting, however, was not directly associated with the reduction of negative psychological consequences. Other psychological techniques such as microcounseling skills, acceptance and commitment therapy, and written disclosure have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing negative psychological consequences, improving psychological coping, and reducing re-injury anxiety. Our findings suggest a significant need to develop and implement well-designed intervention studies that target improvement of post-injury psychological outcomes in order to assist injured athletes successfully recovery from sport injury.     

浅析散打运动技能训练内容要素及基本特征

文章采用文献资料法、专家访谈法,结合实践对散打技能训练进行研究,从身体机能、运动技术、运动战术心理方面分析了武术散打技能训练的基本要素,旨在为散打技能训练提供科学依据,从而为运动员科学选材提供依据;散打运动员在学习技术的同时,应进行客观、理智的分析,真正理解各种技法的基本原理,并为训练及实践中不断发展完善自身的技法,提高训练竞技水平提供理论基础。     

论散打运动员的运动智能及训练方法

散打比赛是同场格斗对抗性项目,对运动员的技术、体能、心理、智能都有很高要求.在基层训练中,很多教练过分重视技术和体能的训练,而忽视了对运动员智能的培养和训练.在技术和体能同等的情况下,运动员的心理和智能往往容易左右比赛的胜负.文章运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法对散打运动特点、散打运动智能的构成、运动智能在散打比赛中的重要性、散打运动智能的训练方法进行了论述,希望通过本研究为散打训练提供一定的借鉴,为散打理论的完善起到一定的帮助.     

竞技健美操运动员心理技能策略运用研究

本文采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法,通过查阅相关竞技健美操的资料,结合运动员心理量表,研究竞技健美操运动员心理与常模之间的差异,帮助竞技健美操运动员建立积极应对策略、竞赛心理状态和自我调控体系,旨在为我国竞技健美操未来的训练策略中提供参考建议。     

集体项目和个人项目的非智力特征分解研究

探讨了对集体运动项目和个人运动项目进行非智力特征分解的可能性。对总共370 名运动员的3 项研究表明,在矛盾情绪表达、一般健康状况、心理——身体症状、社会支持、成就动机、生活满意感、自尊、运动动机和同理心等9 个方面,均未发现集体运动项目和个人运动项目的差异。分析了这一结果的原因,提出训练年限的长度和心理量具的敏感性是今后对运动项目进行心理学非智力特征分解时需要注意的问题。     

Determinants of labour migration of elite sport coaches

Previous research examining labour migration in sport focused on athletes in professional team sports. The purpose of this study is to analyse the factors influencing the migration probability of elite sport coaches in Germany (i.e. national coaches, state coaches, and coaches at Olympic training bases). From a theoretical perspective, labour migration of athletes is affected by economic, social, political, competitive, geographic and cultural factors. This study examines whether these factors can be applied to coaches. Primary data were collected using an online survey of elite sport coaches in Germany. Applying a conjoint design, respondents were presented with 10 migration scenarios leading to a sample size of n?=?1860 for the empirical analysis. In the scenarios, the coaching position openings abroad differed in terms of income level, contract length, weekly workload, responsibility for personnel, reputation of coaching job, career perspectives, sporting performance of athletes, distance from Germany, and predominant job language. Coaches were asked for their migration probability contingent on the specific scenario. On average, migration probability was 24.2%. The results of regression analysis showed that higher income, contracts of longer duration, responsibility for personnel and speaking the respective language significantly increased the migration probability, while distances of nine flight hours and more, lower reputation and career perspectives reduced it. The findings have implications for policy-makers: they indicate in what areas the situation of coaches needs improvement to increase the likelihood of retaining elite sport coaches in the German sport system.     

竞技体育举国体制分析——兼论后奥运时期举国体制发展

目前,国内对竞技体育举国体制的解释多达46种,主要是从制度、体制、机制3个不同层面给以解释,并且,较多的解释因对制度、体制、机制涵义区分不清,造成对举国体制的不同理解。在分析体育制度、体育体制、体育机制的含义,以及3者之间的区别与联系的基础上,提出举国体制发展"从追求效率到以人为本"以及"政府投资为主将形成举国体制的短板"的观点。举国体制发展贯穿"以人为本"思想的途径主要有:(1)满足广大人民群众的基本公共体育服务需求;(2)全面发展运动员素质;(3)保障运动员权益;(4)立足运动员竞技能力可持续发展。举国体制发展的资金来源是以政府投资引导社会投资,以制度保障社会投资的利益预期,促进体育竞赛项目职业化,最终形成全民体育的体制。