提升地方院校实验设备使用效益的探讨

结合地方院校实验室建设、管理的具体现状,从实验设备的信息化管理、实验技术人员队伍建设、报损报废资源循环使用等方面探讨了提升实验设备使用效益的有效途径,以期对地方院校的实验室建设提供理论参考.     

Using the PSSC Laboratory Course in the First Year of College

Summaries

English

In the physical sciences, laboratory instruction has always taken place alongside classroom instruction. Undergraduate physics education has been a mixture of theoretical and experimental instruction, where the theoretical part plays the dominant role. The freshman laboratory holds a prominent role because it is the place where the student acquires the skills and attitudes that will help him understand the advanced subjects.

The freshman laboratory is particularly important in countrieswhere the student's instruction in experimentation is practically non‐existent at the secondary‐school level. In these cases, where the freshman laboratory is the student's first exposure to experimental science, we are particularly concerned that together with learning the ‘right’ things the student should develop the ‘right’ attitudes; as the ‘right’ attitudes can encourage curiosity and motivation for lifelong learning.     

On the potential for using immersive virtual environments to support laboratory experiment contextualisation

This paper explores the hypothesis that embedding a laboratory activity into a virtual environment can provide a richer experimental context and hence improve the understanding of the relationship between a theoretical model and the real world, particularly in terms of the model's strengths and weaknesses. While an identified learning objective of laboratories is to support the understanding of the relationship between models and reality, the paper illustrates that this understanding is hindered by inherently limited experiments and that there is scope for improvement. Despite the contextualisation of learning activities having been shown to support learning objectives in many fields, there is traditionally little contextual information presented during laboratory experimentation. The paper argues that the enhancing laboratory activity with contextual information affords an opportunity to improve students’ understanding of the relationship between the theoretical model and the experiment (which is effectively a proxy for the complex real world), thereby improving their understanding of the relationship between the model and reality. The authors propose that these improvements can be achieved by setting remote laboratories within context-rich virtual worlds.     

建筑工程开放性实验教学改革

文中阐述了建筑工程实验室开放性实验教学改革的必要性,提出了建筑工程实验室建设的目标以及采取的具体措施,为开放性实验教学改革提供理论依据和实践经验。     

一流教学实验室建设的思考

实验教学作为培养复合型创新人才的必要环节,是高校教学体系中的重要组成部分,是对课堂所学理论知识的直观认识和巩固加深,是培养学生实践动手能力和创新能力的重要途径。教学实验室作为实验教学的重要平台,是高校“双一流”建设中必不可少的重要支撑条件,其建设与管理水平对实验教学质量有重要影响。从如何做好顶层规划设计、创建先进的实验条件、构建合理的管理机制、建设高水平的实验教学队伍和开展科学的实验室工作考核等方面入手,探讨如何建设一流教学实验室。     

The development of first year physics students' ideas about measurement in terms of point and set paradigms

The ideas of first year university students about measurement in the physics laboratory are explored. Student responses to written probes administered at the beginning of the year are compared to those written after a 12 week laboratory course. The 'point' and 'set' paradigms are used as a model to analyse the responses to the probes. At the heart of the point paradigm is that both action and reasoning are based solely on individual measurements in a data set. On the other hand, subscribing to the set paradigm implies an understanding that a series of measurements are to be viewed as a collective that can be modelled by theoretical constructs, such as the mean and standard deviation. The degree of consistent use of these paradigms by individual students across the sets of probes is investigated. Implications for effective teaching interventions in the physics laboratory are discussed.     

Students' cognitive focus during a chemistry laboratory exercise: Effects of a computer‐simulated prelab

To enhance the learning outcomes achieved by students, learners undertook a computer‐simulated activity based on an acid–base titration prior to a university‐level chemistry laboratory activity. Students were categorized with respect to their attitudes toward learning. During the laboratory exercise, questions that students asked their assistant teachers were used as indicators of cognitive focus. During the interviews, students' frequency and level of “spontaneous” use of chemical knowledge served as an indicator of knowledge usability. Results suggest that the simulation influenced students toward posing more theoretical questions during their laboratory work and, regardless of attitudes, exhibiting a more complex, correct use of chemistry knowledge in their interviews. A more relativistic student attitude toward learning was positively correlated with interview performance in both the control and treatment groups. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 1108–1133, 2007     

Maximising resource allocation in the teaching laboratory: understanding student evaluations of teaching assistants in a team-based teaching format

Minimal research papers have investigated the use of student evaluations on the laboratory, a learning medium usually run by teaching assistants with little control of the content, delivery and equipment. Finding the right mix of teaching assistants for the laboratory can be an onerous task due to the many skills required including theoretical and practical know-how, troubleshooting, safety and class management. Using larger classes with multiple teaching assistants, a team-based teaching (TBT) format may be advantageous. A rigorous three-year study across twenty-five courses over repetitive laboratory classes is analysed using a multi-level statistical model considering students, laboratory classes and courses. The study is used to investigate the effectiveness of the TBT format, and quantify the influence each demonstrator has on the laboratory experience. The study found that TBT is effective and the lead demonstrator most influential, influencing up to 55% of the laboratory experience evaluation.     

刍议实验室主任的创新意识

实验室的生命力在于教育创新。教育创新使实验室的发展适应现代教育的需要，符合现代大学的理念。实验室主任应在思想创新的基础上做到组织创新、教育创新，以保证实验教学中的创新教育的实施，从而培养知识、能力和人格协调发展的高素质人才。     

基于机制创新的高校实验教学队伍建设

要改变目前普遍存在的高校实验教学队伍建设落后于教师队伍建设,实验、实践教学改革落后于理论教学改革的状况,必须从机制创新入手,打破传统的“教师”与“教辅”二元式教学队伍结构,提高对实验、实践教学地位的认识,构建新型的实验教学队伍,充分调动教师从事实验教学的积极性,以提高实验教学的实效性,培养学生的实践创新能力。     

The determinants of grades three to eight students' intentions to engage in laboratory and nonlaboratory science learning behavior

Data were collected from students in grades three to eight (N = 377) in order to identify the determinants of their intentions to perform laboratory and nonlaboratory science activities. Fishbein and Ajzen's theory of reasoned action was used as the basis for the study. The theory posits that the immediate determinant of behavior is intention. Intention is determined by the weighted attitude toward the behavior and the weighted subjective norm. Attitude toward behavior and subjective norm are determined by combinations of beliefs, evaluations, and motivations to comply. Cores of salient beliefs related to attitude toward laboratory and nonlaboratory behaviors and cores of salient beliefs related to subjective norm for laboratory and nonlaboratory behaviors were identified. Hypotheses generated from the theory were confirmed. Attitude toward behavior and subjective norm explained significant amounts of variance in behavioral intention for both laboratory and nonlaboratory behaviors. Attitude toward behavior had a greater relative weight than subjective norm for both laboratory and nonlaboratory. The correlations between adjacent constructs in the theoretical model were significant in all cases.     

新时代高校科研实验室安全管理新理念

近年来,高校实验室安全问题逐渐凸显,针对高校实验室安全管理的研究大都将科研实验室和教学实验室放在一起讨论,而事实上,相对于教学实验室,科研实验室在实验室安全管理层面上有很大区别。辨析了科研实验室和教学实验室在实验室安全层面上的差异,为有针对性的开展实验室安全工作提供理论基础并提出新的差异化的解决对策。     

地方本科院校体育实验室建设

实验室是高等学校人才培养体系的重要组成部分,在引导学生理论联系实际,培养学生的创新精神和实践能力方面有着不可替代的作用。加强新建本科院校体育院（系）实验平台建设,是培养应用型创新体育人才的需要。文章从SWOT角度,剖析新建本科院校体育专业实验室建设过程中存在的优势、机会以及问题所在,并提出针对性建设策略,以期为新建本科院校体育院（系）实验室建设发展提供理论依据。     

The virtual laboratory concept applied to strain measurements

In recent years the methodology of engineering education has been changing and many projects deal with improving the educational software. This paper reports on the virtual laboratory, a virtual environment applied to experimental analysis. The goals of the virtual laboratory are to introduce the laboratory environment to the student entering this world, so different from the typical theoretical lectures, for the first time, and to overcome the above-mentioned drawbacks. It should be mentioned that the virtual laboratory is not meant to replace highly enriching, practical experience, but rather is meant to train the individual, in order to improve his/her performance in later actual practice. The virtual laboratory experience starts with the study of strain measurements, an engineering technique widely used to measure deformations, strains, mechanical properties of materials and other variables which are used to analyse many problems.The strain measurement virtual laboratory is meant to offer the possibility of simulating experiences, undergone in a real laboratory, through the Internet. The student is expected to familiarize him/herself with the techniques, procedures, devices and theories in the laboratory environment.     

经管类教学实验室建设标准指标体系的理论建构与指标设计

探讨了经管类教学实验室建设标准的功能和构建原则，并在此基础上，构建了高校经管类教学实验室的建设标准指标体系的理论模型框架和指标体系。     

口腔医学技术实验室管理浅谈

口腔医学技术是一门以实验为基础的学科,实验课是学生对理论知识的巩固和动手操作能力的培养过程。通过实验教学,学生可以掌握基本操作技能,为后期实习与工作打下良好基础。实验室是进行实验教学、培养学生动手能力、创造性思维和职业道德的场所。充分发挥实验室资源,有序地、保质保量地完成实验教学任务是我们实验室管理人员的职责。因此,加强口腔医学技术实验室教学管理,是保障实验教学质量和提高学生动手能力的有效方式。     

Personal Computers in Laboratory Teaching of Control

This paper reports on the incorporation of personal computers in the laboratory program at UMIST's Control Systems Centre. Laboratory practice is an integral component of all our control course. The laboratory facilities provide a mechanism for testing and verifying theoretical and design approaches. Incorporating computers in all phases of the laboratory program makes possible the use of current techniques in the analysis and design of realistic control systems. The control systems laboratory at UMIST has been developed with the goal of providing real world analysis and design experience in a laboratory setting. A collection of scale model experiments representing the major categories of industrial control problems has been constructed. These working models are coupled with a standard instrumentation interface and analogue and digital computers to implement control strategies. In all cases, great care has been taken to retain realism and allow the student to concentrate on control issues rather than configuration or programming problems. The primary objective of using personal computers in the control laboratory is to provide an on-line link between the student and the laboratory model. This provides direct ‘hands on’ experience of digital control ideas, interactive digital control experimentation and use of the computer as a multi-function virtual instrument. In addition, the computer is used off-line to simulate model performance as various control strategies are tried. At this point in time, each laboratory model station has been equipped with a personal computer containing A/D and D/A converters, hard and floppy disk, and a real-time clock. The computers are networked to provide access to printing and file storage facilities. Originally the software packages were written primarily in BASIC, and ran on BBC computers. These versions are however in the process of being replaced by PC-based packages written in C. Both the original BASIC and the C-successors have been developed to provide interactive, real-time control of the model using a choice of digital control algorithms. Using the keyboard as a control panel, the student can observe model performance, vary controller parameters, choose display characteristics and record parametric and graphical data. Future developments will expand the choice of available control algorithms and enhance the off-line analysis and design tools.     

基于本科生科研创新能力的探索性实验设计

实验室开放项目对培养本科生科研创新能力有重大作用。将科研成果转化成实验室开放实验,使学生对相关专业知识有更加细致深入的了解。设计了柔性电极制备及其电化学性能研究的综合性开放实验,包括实验设计思路、内容及方法。实践结果表明,该实验选题新颖、操作简单、学生自主参与度高,适合本科生完成。在文献调研、实验设计和实施过程中,巩固了学生理论知识,激发了自主设计新型柔性电极的科研意识,培养了学生创新思维,提高了学生自主学习和科研创新能力。     

Use of electronic anatomy practical examinations for remediating “at risk” students

Restrictive laboratory scheduling, an increasing number of human cadaver‐based anatomy courses and a reduction in the curricular time allotted to anatomy courses have created problems with cadaver laboratory access at the University of New England. This article describes a combination of anatomy testing and grading strategies to allow “at risk” (borderline failing) students an opportunity to remediate their lowest set of examination scores and pass their anatomy course. An alternative electronic practical examination for these students provided flexibility in laboratory scheduling, thereby increasing laboratory access for other students taking concurrent courses. Specifically, the electronic examinations allowed for a reduction in the amount of time the cadaver laboratory is locked down for examination purposes. Masters‐level occupational therapy (MOT) students, physician assistant students (MPA), and doctoral level physical therapy (DPT) students participated in a prosection‐based human cadaver laboratory and take cadaver‐based practical examinations as part of their anatomy course. Students who were not performing at a passing level for their curriculum (69.5% for MOT and MPA, 79.5% for DPT) were given an opportunity to remediate their lowest set of multiple choice and practical examinations using the previous year's multiple choice examination and a new electronic practical examination. When the original cadaver‐based practical and multiple choice examination scores were replaced with the remedial electronic practical examination and remedial multiple choice examination scores, 75% (24/32) of these students were able to successfully remediate their academic deficiencies and pass their anatomy course. Anat Sci Educ 3:46–49, 2010. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.