A declaration on the notion of science

While constantly revealing the laws of the objective world and of mankind itself, science, and technology, whose development is based on the former, have greatly advanced the productive forces of society and brought about changes to people's modes of production and life in general.     

高新技术产业税收优惠制度的基本原则探析——以法律原则为分析视角

 摘要：税收优惠作为一种法律制度安排，对高新技术产业的发展具有重要的影响。以法律的形式将税收优惠规范化、制度化和系统化已经成为大多数国家促进高新技术产业发展的重要制度选择。要真正发挥税收优惠制度对高新技术产业的促进作用，就必须明确确立高新技术产业税收优惠制度应遵循的基本法律原则。     

法国风险投资业的发展、成因和启示

本文概述了法国风险投资的发展进程,分析了其成功的原因,在此基础上得出了发展我国风险投资产业的若干启示。     

On recursive averaging processes and Hilbert space extensions of the contraction mapping principle

If T maps a convex domain D_T into itself, and if {ω_n} is a real sequence with range in (0, 1] then the recursive averaging process,

$\text{X}{}_{\mathrm{n+1}}\text{=(1?omega;}{}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{)}\text{X}{}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{+ω}{}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{+ω}{}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{T}\text{x}{}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{,}\text{x}{}_0\text{=ξ?D}{}_{\mathrm{T}}$

generates a sequence {x?_n}; with range in D_T. Under suitable conditions on D_T, T and {ω_n} the sequence {x?_n} will converge in some sense to a fixed point of T. We prove that if D_T is a closed convex subset of a complex Hilbert space H, if Tω = (1 ? ω) I + ωT is a strict contraction for some ω ? (0, 1], and if {ω_n} satisfies the conditions,

$\text{ω}{}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{→ 0}$

and

$\text{∑}\text{n=0}\text{∞}\text{ω}{}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{=∞}$

then, for arbitrary ξ ? D_T, {x?_n} converges strongly to (the unique) fixed point of T. We also prove that if D_T and {ω_n} satisfy the foregoing conditions, if T has at least one fixed point, and if Tω is non-expansive for some ω ? (0, 1], then for all ξ ? D_T, {x?_n} converges at least weakly to some fixed point of T. Finally, we apply these results to linear equations involving bounded normal operators and obtain an extension of the classical Neumann operator series.     

智力资源基本概念的辨析

适应信息时代与工业时代并行的经济形态转型和社会发展节奏,智力资源己成为经济增长和社会发展的重要动能。掌握智力资源的基本概念,分析智力资源与其它资源的关系,有助于从战略视角深刻认识和科学评估智力资源管理效能。     

论述几种常见“冷桥”节点和处理方法

论述几种常见“冷桥”发生的位置和原因，提出了处理方法     

论述几种常见“冷桥”节点和处理方法

论述几种常见"冷桥"发生的位置和原因,提出了处理方法     

浅析一般压力表误差超差的原因及解决办法

一般压力表由于它结构简单、坚固耐用、维护方便、读数明显,在监控铁路设备安全运行方面起到了至关重要的作用。因此要求对压力表执行强检,检定周期为6个月。但压力表经过一段时间的使用,由于各种原因出现示值超差,而示值超差影响压力表数值的准确性,不能起到监控设备的作用,给铁路安全运行带来危险,甚至造成重大事故。因此分析造成一般压力表示值误差超差的原因,并找出相应的解决方法,尽可能减小示值误差是计量员的一项职责,也是一名计量检定员技术水平的体现。本文正是对这一问题进行了分析并提出几种解决办法。     

Crick's notion of genetic information and the 'central dogma' of molecular biology

An assessment is offered of the recent debate on informationin the philosophy of biology, and an analysis is provided ofthe notion of information as applied in scientific practicein molecular genetics. In particular, this paper deals withthe dependence of basic generalizations of molecular biology,above all the ‘central dogma’, on the so-called‘informational talk’ (Maynard Smith [2000a]). Itis argued that talk of information in the ‘central dogma’can be reduced to causal claims. In that respect, the primaryaim of the paper is to consider a solution to the major difficultyof the causal interpretation of genetic information: how todistinguish the privileged causal role assigned to nucleic acids,DNA in particular, in the processes of replication and proteinproduction. A close reading is proposed of Francis H. C. Crick'sOn Protein Synthesis (1958) and related works, to which we owethe first explicit definition of information within the scientificpractice of molecular biology.

1. Introduction

   1.1 The basicquestions of the information debate

   1.2 Thecausal interpretation(CI) of biological informationand Crick's‘central dogma’

2. Crick's definitions of genetic information
3. The main requirementfor (CI)
4. Types of causation in molecular biology

   4.1 Structuralcausation in molecular biology

   4.2 Nucleicacids as correlativecausal factors

5. The ‘central dogma’ withoutthe notion of information
6. Concluding remarks

     

论科学的感觉优先原则、霸权主义和民主主义——从“客观性”一词谈起

为了保证研究对象的客观性,科学确立了感觉优先原则。该原则是对认识对象存在性的判定原则,后来被迁移为对认识过程和结果的科学合法性的判定原则。但它受到经验证实原则和经验的"客观性"要求的双重限制。在实证科学语境下,"客观性"的真实含义是"可公共感知性"和"与主体无关性"。人们对感觉优先原则的不适当推广导致科学霸权主义,对经验客观性的要求又导致科学研究的大众主义。