生物学哲学中的纲领方法论

生物学哲学的正统观点强调生物学与物理学的根本区别，并将特异性与普遍性绝对地对立起来。但是，通过对孟德尔的豌豆实验和摩尔根的果蝇实验的分析，科学哲学的通用原理(如科学研究纲领方法论)对生物学理论(如摩尔根遗传学)继续有效，纲领方法论的普遍原理可以成为分析生物学理论有效的方法论工具。     

实践与哲学基本问题——论冯契对哲学基本问题的回答

哲学基本问题是任何哲学都不能回避的问题.西方近代哲学因从知识论的立场出发来解决这一问题而陷入困境.冯契立足于马克思哲学的基础上,一方面以实践为基础,通过人在实践活动中对象的实在感来论证物质第一性原理;另一方面,冯契又借用西方哲学中内在性与外在性概念以及中国哲学中"体用不二"的原理论述了人的认识是可以把握对象的,从而很好地解决了哲学基本问题,为自己的智慧说奠定了科学的基础.     

THE PARADOX OF DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION: THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE

This article begins by tracing the history of higher education in the United States from its origins in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the seventeenth century in private, elite, church‐related institutions to the large‐scale mass higher education situation of today in which well over half the total enrollment is in public secular institutions. The author feels that the State and the Federal governments overly favoured the public sector during the period of massive expansion which began in the 1950's. More importantly, he is very much concerned about the decline in academic standards which set in once total enrollments exceeded 15% of the available college‐age cohorts. The process of decline continues, he argues, as public demand for equal access to higher education has led to equally strident demands for equal results. As results cannot in fact be made equal, given differences in the human condition, the solution to the dilemma has been the adulteration of certification which has as its result the undermining of an essential base of democracy, an educated citizenry.     

THE RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE OF THE HOME

The process of sophisticated theological thinking in children begins at an early age. Thinking deeply about the ultimate concerns of life is inherent in human beings. This paper, based on the author's conversations with his children, explores the profound processes of theological reflection in playground songs sung by children in public elementary schools, informal conversations with children about prayer and religious insight, and the place of paradox and play in the theological reflection of children. Drawing on the works of such scholars as Winnicott, Gerkin, Rizzutto, and Stivers, the author charts intriguing areas for reflection as well as needed areas for future research.