核心力量训练对青年女子篮球运动员投篮命中率影响研究

目的：研究核心力量训练对青年女子篮球运动员投篮命中率的影响，旨在为提高女子篮球运动员的投篮命中率提供参考。方法：以16名青年女子篮球运动员为研究对象，随机分为对照组和实验组，每组8人，对照组进行常规体能训练，实验组在常规体能训练的基础上加入核心力量训练，共持续8周。对训练前后两组运动员的定点投篮、1min跳投和运球急停跳投进行测试。结果：实验前两组运动员投篮命中率各指标间均无显著性差异；实验后对照组投篮命中率各指标与实验前相比变化不大，均无显著性差异（P>0.05）；实验组实验后定点投篮命中率虽有一定程度提高，但与实验前相比无显著性差异（P>0.05）,1min跳投命中率与实验前相比有显著性提高（P<0.05），运球急停跳投与实验前相比提高幅度较大，且差异非常显著（P<0.01）；实验后实验组与对照组相比，定点投篮命中率无显著性差异（P>0.05）,1min跳投命中率差异显著（P<0.05），运球急停跳投具有非常显著性差异（P<0.01）。结论：核心力量训练对青年女子篮球运动员定点投篮命中率影响不大，但是对在不稳定状态下的1min跳投和运球急停...     

中美优秀大学生篮球运动员身体形态及技术指标的比较

本文对中关优秀大学生篮球运动员的身体形态及8项技术统计指标进行对比分析，主要结论：中关男子运动员身高、体重存在显著性差异；女子运动员身高差异不显著；与美国相比，中国大学生运动员的年龄普遍偏大；在三分投篮命中率、罚球命中率、助攻、失误、盖帽、扣篮(男子)等6项技术指标上中关运动员存在显著性差异；平均每场得分、总投篮命中率等指标差异不显著。     

内部和外部表象训练对篮球熟练者与初学者投篮技能学习的影响

采用实验法，探讨内部表象与外部表象对初学者和熟练者在篮球定点投篮技能学习中的影响。结果显示，外部表象有利于初学者运动技能的学习，熟练者内部表象组操作成绩略好于外部表象组，但未达到统计学上的显著性差异。     

焦虑水平对大学生中距离不同投篮点命中率的差异分析

将40名普通大学篮球选修班学生随机分为一、二组.分别对一、二组创设中、高焦虑水平的情景,每个学生在5个投点位置区分别进行10次跳投和原地单手肩上投篮.结果显示:1)一组学生投篮命中率远高于二组,存在明显差异,技术发挥较二组稳定;2)高焦虑情景对业余选手的影响较高水平运动员更为显著;3)一组与二组学生在5个位置区的投篮命中率都不存在显著性差异,投篮命中率的差异不是因为不同的投篮点而产生的,而是来自不同的焦虑水平.     

篮球比赛中检验各队水平差异的一种数学方法

一、前言运用回归分析方法分析和予测运动成绩的过程中,遇到这样的问题:分析和予测篮球比赛成绩时,各队组之间,根据比赛临场记录统计数据,建立各队组得分依赖于投篮次数、投篮命中率、罚球次数、罚球命中率的经验公式——回归方程,这些回归方程一般说来是不完全相同的,但各队组间进攻能力是否真有差异?各队组比赛中四项技术因素对得分影响的规律     

第16届世界男子篮球锦标赛中国男子篮球队与竞争对手攻防能力对比研究

采用文献资料调研、录像观察、数理统计等方法,对第16届世界男子篮球锦标赛中国队全部6场比赛进行分析,并与竞争对手攻防能力进行对比研究。结果表明,中国队与强队间存在较大差距。进攻能力上,差距主要体现在场均总投篮命中次数、场均总投篮数、2分球投篮命中次数及命中率、前场篮板球、助攻等方面,其中,场均总投篮命中次数、2分球投篮命中次数、前场篮板及助攻与对手之间存在着显著性差异,防守能力上,中国队与对手存在差距较大的是后场篮板球和抢断2个指标上,尤其是在与强队的比赛中,差距更是明显,犯规与盖帽2个指标差距较小,但均不具有显著性差异。     

个体目标与群体目标对大学生投篮成绩影响差异的研究

本文通过教学实验和数理统计法研究考察了目标设置对大学生投篮成绩的影响。研究结果表明：个体目标教学,在提高学生投篮成绩方面,较常规教学和群体目标教学效果更为明显。     

第28届男篮亚锦赛中国与对手后卫队员的攻防实力分析

采用文献资料、录像观察、数理统计等方法对中国男篮与对手后卫队员9场比赛的攻防指标进行分析.通过分析得出以下结论:在进攻指标方面,中国与对手在得分、2分球投篮次数、3分球的投篮次数及投中次数等方面存在非常显著性差异(P＜0.01);在2分球命中率和助攻方面存在显著性差异(P＜0.05);在其他方面不存在显著性差异(P＞0.05);在防守指标方面,中国队与对手后卫队员在失分方面存在非常显著性差异(P＜0.01),在盖帽、犯规和抢断方面不存在显著性差异(P＞0.05).     

少年田径运动员成就目标对心理健康、运动成绩的影响

综合运用问卷调查法、文献资料法、数理统计法及以访谈法等方法，分析讨论了成就目标、心理健康与运动成绩的关系。结果表明：掌握目标与躯体化因子的相关达到显著水平；成绩目标与人际关系敏感因子、焦虑因子、敌对因子的相关达到显著水平；掌握目标与运动成绩存在显著的正相关；高成就目标定向组和高掌握目标定向组运动成绩的得分分别与低成就目标定向组存在非常显著差异，高成就目标定向组和高掌握目标定向组运动成绩的均分较高；心理健康总分，高掌握目标定向组与高成就目标定向组、高成绩目标定向组、低成就目标定向组均存在显著差异，高掌握目标定向组得分最低。因此认为，高掌握目标定向最有利于运动员的全面发展。建议在培养少年田径运动员的成就目标定向时，应帮助运动员树立能力增长观，在运动训练过程中多设置掌握定向氛．围。     

优秀散打运动员赛前心理状态与运动成绩的关系

对参加2012年全国武术散打锦标赛的31名运动员以问卷方式进行心理测验,分析优秀散打运动员赛前心理状态与运动成绩的关系。结果：1）男性散打运动员的消极情绪明显高于女性散打运动员,积极情绪明显低于女性散打运动员,并存在不同程度显著性差异。2）成绩优秀组散打运动员的消极情绪最低,成绩较差组最高,不同成绩组别在紧张、慌乱、成就感降低、情绪体力耗竭和运动消极评价因子上的得分呈显著性差异。3）紧张和情绪体力耗竭对优秀散打运动员运动成绩具有非常显著预测作用。结论：比赛成功的运动员赛前心理状态优于不成功的运动员,运动员赛前心理状态与运动成绩密切关联。     

The effects of goal variation on adult physical activity behaviour

The purposes of this study were to examine the effects of varying levels of goals on increasing daily steps and the frequency of goal achievement among middle-aged adults. Ninety-six adults participated in a randomised control study. Participants were randomly assigned to five different step goal groups: (1) Easy (n = 19), (2) Medium (n = 19), (3) Difficult (n = 19), (4) Do-your-best (n = 19), and (5) No goal (n = 20) based on previous research. The participants wore a pedometer and were asked to reach a pre-established goal during the experimental period. In order to examine the effectiveness of the goal difficulty, (a) an average number of steps taken by different goal conditions and (b) the number of days meeting the assigned goal were tested. A one-way ANCOVA revealed significant step count differences among goal groups. Post hoc analyses indicated that the change in step count in both the Medium and Difficult goal groups was significantly greater than the remaining groups. However, there was no significant difference between the medium and difficult goal conditions. In addition, a one-way ANOVA indicated that there were no significant differences in the frequency of goal achievement among the Easy, Medium, and Difficult goal groups. Results suggest that when promoting physical activity through increasing step counts, researchers and clinicians should design goals that are specific and challenging.     

The effect of perceived streakiness on the shot-taking behaviour of basketball players

Abstract

We examine behavioural changes of basketball players arising from the hot-hand belief and use data of 1216 National Basketball Association games to measure the effect of cold and hot streaks on three proxies of shot difficulty. We find that the more consecutive shots players make (miss), the more difficult (easier) shots become along the three dimensions. Furthermore, most players' performance seems to improve during hot streaks because they attempt more difficult shots while no significant decrease in shooting accuracy takes place. This might explain why most previous studies could not find empirical evidence for the hot-hand belief in basketball when considering in-game field goal shooting.     

Exerted effort and performance in climbing among boys: the influence of achievement goals,perceived ability,and task difficulty

In achievement contexts such as sport, achievement goal theory assumes that an individual's major concern is to demonstrate competence. However, competence may be expressed in two ways: as task and ego involvement (Nicholls, 1989). Seventy-eight boys (M age = 13.6 years) performed five climbing courses, and the influence of achievement goals, perceived ability, and task difficulty on effort and performance was studied. According to the achievement goal theory: (a) task-involved boys exerted more effort and performed better than ego-involved boys; and (b) exerted effort was determined by an interaction of one's achievement goal, perceived ability (PA), and task difficulty. Ego-high PA boys and task-low PA boys exerted the most effort on the moderate course; ego-low PA boys exerted least effort on the moderate and very difficult courses. Finally, task-high PA boys exerted more effort on the most difficult courses. The motivational processes underlying these findings are discussed.     

目标设置对网球运动员发球准确率及运动自信心的影响研究

采用不同难度的目标设置分组(L、M、H、N组)对网球运动员发球准确率及运动自信心影响进行实验研究。目的:探讨目标设置对运动员发球准确率及运动自信心的影响。结果:目标设置训练能够提高网球运动员发球准确率及运动自信心;中等难度目标设置训练(M组)对提高网球运动员发球准确率更为有效;网球运动员发球准确率提高的进程符合运动技能形成的基本规律。结论:目标设置训练能够有效提高网球运动员状态运动自信心;对运动员特质运动自信心影响不显著。建议在网球运动训练中针对性地运用目标设置训练,以更好地促进运动员运动成绩的提高。     

Pre-performance routine consistency: temporal analysis of goal kicking in the Rugby Union World Cup

Abstract

This study examined the consistency of pre-performance routines in international rugby union goal kickers on kicks of varying difficulty and under different amounts of situational pressure. Concentration times and physical preparation times were calculated from video recordings of the 572 place kicks taken during the 1999 Rugby Union World Cup. In contrast to the view that performers should seek consistent pre-performance routine times, the results revealed a strong positive relationship between kick difficulty and concentration time. Analysis of the effect of situational pressure, determined by the difference in score before the kick, revealed that players tended to have longer concentration times and shorter physical preparation times when the scores were close. There were no differences between the best and worst kickers in the tournament on routine time, consistency or rhythmicity. The view that increasing the temporal consistency of a routine will result in improved performance is challenged.     

Squad management,injury and match performance in a professional soccer team over a championship-winning season

Abstract

Squad management, injury and physical, tactical and technical match performance were investigated in a professional soccer team across five consecutive league seasons (2008–2013, 190 league games) with specific focus on a championship-winning season (2010/11). For each player, match participation and time-loss injuries were recorded, the latter prospectively diagnosed by the team's physician. Defending and attacking tactical and technical performance indicators investigated included ball possession and possession in opponents' half, passes, forward passes, completed passes and forward passes, crosses and completed crosses, goal attempts and goal attempts on target, successful final third entries, free-kicks and 50/50 duels won/lost. Physical performance measures included total distance and distance covered at high-speeds (≥19.1 km/h). Results showed that during the 2010/11 season, squad utilisation was lowest potentially owing to the observed lower match injury occurrence and working days lost to injury thereby increasing player availability. In 2010/11, the team won both its highest number of points and conceded its lowest number of goals especially over the second half of this season. The team also won its highest number of games directly via a goal from a substitute and scored and conceded a goal first on the highest and lowest number of occasions, respectively. While multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) detected a significant difference in some attacking and defensive performance indicators across the five seasons, these were generally not distinguishing factors in 2010/11. Similarly, univariate ANOVAs showed a significant difference in running distances covered across seasons, but the trend was for less activity in 2010/11.     

大学体育课程教学实践与课程建设思考

运用文献资料法、访谈法,对大学体育课程教学实践中面临的困难进行分析。研究指出：当前高校体育课程教学目标操作困难;教学模式忽略学生全面发展;教学评价不科学。新课程标准下大学体育课程改革发展应鼓励教师参与课程理论研究与教学创新;加强教师继续教育与培训;完善大学课程体系建设;培养学生体育学习兴趣。     

Pre-performance routine consistency: temporal analysis of goal kicking in the Rugby Union World Cup

This study examined the consistency of pre-performance routines in international rugby union goal kickers on kicks of varying difficulty and under different amounts of situational pressure. Concentration times and physical preparation times were calculated from video recordings of the 572 place kicks taken during the 1999 Rugby Union World Cup. In contrast to the view that performers should seek consistent pre-performance routine times, the results revealed a strong positive relationship between kick difficulty and concentration time. Analysis of the effect of situational pressure, determined by the difference in score before the kick, revealed that players tended to have longer concentration times and shorter physical preparation times when the scores were close. There were no differences between the best and worst kickers in the tournament on routine time, consistency or rhythmicity. The view that increasing the temporal consistency of a routine will result in improved performance is challenged.     

A Reliable Method for the Measurement of Constant Load Maximal Endurance Performance on the Bicycle Ergometer

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of achievement goal orientations and perceived motivational climate to perceptions of the intensity and direction of competitive state anxiety in a sample of university athletes representing various team sports. Although some studies have demonstrated that task orientation and mastery climate are associated with adaptive emotional patterns and ego orientation and performance climate are linked to less adaptive emotions, others have not verified these findings. In the present study, structural equation modeling was used to test these links. The results showed that perceptions of a performance climate were associated with ego orientation, whereas perceptions of a mastery climate were linked to task orientation. Furthermore, no significant links were found between task orientation and direction of competitive anxiety, while it was shown that the impact of ego orientation on the intensity and direction of cognitive and somatic anxiety was exerted through self-confidence. No significant direct links were found between motivational climates and competitive anxiety, thus implying that motivational climates may have an indirect impact on affective responses through the different goal orientations. The findings of the present study are discussed along with suggestions for examining situational and individual difference variables that may explain the relationships between intensity and direction of competitive anxiety and achievement goals and motivational climates.     

The Effect of the Rate of Muscle Contraction on the Force-Time Curve Parameters of Male and Female Subjects

Purpose: Suprapostural task performance (manual tracking) and postural control (sway and frequency) were examined as a function of attentional focus, age, and tracking difficulty. Given the performance benefits often found under external focus conditions, it was hypothesized that external focus instructions would promote superior tracking and reduced postural sway for both age groups, most notably as a function of tracking difficulty. Method: Postural sway, frequency of postural adjustments, and tracking accuracy under two levels of task difficulty were assessed for younger (M _age = 20.98 years) and older (M _age = 70.80 years) participants while they manually tracked a pursuit-rotor target. Participants received instructions to focus on either their actions (internal focus) or the effect of their actions (external focus). Results: Analyses revealed a beneficial effect of an external focus on suprapostural performance on the less-difficult (0.5 Hz) tracking task, and this performance was associated with a modest improvement in medial-lateral postural sway. Conclusion: The findings offer limited support for external focus-of-attention benefits under a mildly challenging tracking task. While older adults tend to adopt a conservative postural control strategy regardless of tracking task difficulty, external focus instructions on a suprapostural task promoted a modest, beneficial shift in postural control.