沉默权中国化所产生的问题及其对策

沉默权的中国化是一个把根源于西方文化传统的法律制度“移植”到中国并和中国的现实相结合且良性运行的过程。因此,沉默权的实行一定要和中国现实“对接”,否则盲目引进就会“水土不服”,甚至“南橘北枳”。沉默权的中国化会在立法、司法及其人们观念方面产生问题,并且就此提出相应的对策。     

沉默权中国化所产生的问题及其对策

沉默权的中国化是一个把根源于西方文化传统的法律制度“移植”到中国并和中国的现实相结合且良性运行的过程。因此，沉默权的实行一定要和中国现实“对接”，否则盲目引进就会“水土不服”，甚至“南橘北枳”。沉默权的中国化会在立法、司法及其人们观念方面产生问题，并且就此提出相应的对策。     

沉默权入法之证成与自愿供述制度之构建——关于完善《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法修正案(草案)》第一百一十七条的思考

《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法修正案(草案)》第四十九条、一百一十七条引发了"如实回答"的存废与沉默权是否入法的争论。由于既无法确定具体内容,也无保证履行的措施,更无不履行的法律责任,作为一项义务"如实回答"将形同虚设,应予废除。相反,无罪推定下的言论自由、不得自证其罪的逻辑推论、辩论原则的当然解释,都证成了沉默权。同时,司法实践表明,沉默权并不妨碍案件事实的查明。与沉默权相配合,将"坦白从宽"的刑事政策改造为"自愿供述,从轻处理"的司法制度,既有利于人权保障,也有利于查明犯罪事实。     

THE RELIGIOUS TRAINING OF CHILDREN

Silence needs to be shown to be taught. This is because the nonverbal, which is a different way of referencing the world than symbols, cannot be translated into words. Teaching silence is of special importance today because of the connection between silence and the creation of existential meaning, as well as the functioning of the creative process itself. The loss of silence in our culture will result in the loss of religious meaning and the impairment of creativity. Without deep meaning and the creative process the human species is at risk.     

员工沉默行为：智力型组织的创新障碍与治理

员工沉默是组织行为学中值得研究的重要课题。我国智力型组织中存在较为普遍的员工沉默行为。尽管不同类型的沉默行为产生的动机不尽相同,但默许沉默、静止沉默和亲社会沉默都在不同程度上阻碍了智力型组织的协同创新,而亲社会沉默对我国智力型组织创新的影响可能远高于西方国家。针对员工沉默的动机与影响因素,组织可通过员工分享机制、民主管理、培养变革型领导风格、塑造公正的工作氛围、鼓励谏言等机制对员工沉默行为进行有效治理,从而推动组织的创新活动。     

课堂话轮沉默的认知解读

本文以英语课堂中的话轮沉默为研究对象,以关联理论为基础,从课堂话轮沉默的交际意向及语境效果两个角度,对课堂话轮沉默进行认知语用分析。并指出课堂话轮沉默的理解需在关联理论宏观调控下进行解读,这样对教师从根本上读懂课堂话轮沉默,不以消极的态度来对待沉默有很重要的意义。     

The Differences of Silence between Chinese and American Culture

Language is an important means of human communication; and silence can also convey a wealth of information.This paper will interpret the different definitions of silence phenomena between China and America and two different attitudes and representations of silence.It will help us to improve the effectiveness of communication.     

隐性冲突:一种重要的师生互动形式

隐性冲突是一种重要的师生互动形式。由于在互动过程中师生地位的差异，隐性冲突成为师生冲突的主要形式。以社会互动、冲突结果、冲突目的为判断标准，可以对师生之间的隐性冲突加以明确界定。根据冲突的起因可以将隐性冲突划分为现实性冲突和非现实性冲突，对此区别对待有利于师生互动关系向和谐状态发展。     

Practising Silence in Teaching

The concept ‘silence’ has diametrically opposed meanings; it connotes peace and contemplation as well as death and oblivion. Silence can also be considered a practice. There is keeping the rule of silence to still the mind and find inner truth, as well as forcibly silencing in the sense of subjugating another to one's own purposes. The concept of teaching runs the gamut between these extremes, from respectfully leading students to search and discover, to relentlessly bending them to one's own will. This article examines contradictory connotations and practices of silence and teachers’ ambivalent perceptions of it in order to conceptualize a positive practice of silence for teacher education.     

Silence or the sound of limpid water: disability,power, and the educationalisation of silence

Abstract

In this article the history of silence is looked at from an educational perspective. By closely examining the way three nineteenth-century authors – who all based their educational theories on concrete experiences with persons with disabilities – have related themselves to silence, it will be argued that silence has been educationalised. Silence has been increasingly integrated in the teacher’s official tool box in order to make sure a new kind of discipline can be encountered in the classroom. The educationalisation of silence that can be found in the works of Jean-Marc Itard, Edouard Seguin and Maria Montessori seems to have been paralleled by a transformation in the way power was wielded over pupils in schools. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, silence seems to have lost its ability to symbolise critique and increasingly to have been used to steer the behaviour of children in a subtle way. In other words, by closely looking at the work of Itard, Séguin and Montessori one can see how silence became an integral part of a new educational landscape that tried to seduce children to do particular things and act in a particular way. In nineteenth-century schools the sound of docility would indeed gradually be replaced by the seduction of silence.     

价值绝对主义冲突的表现及对策

价值相对主义和价值绝对主义的关系在某种程度上说就是价值多元性和一元性的关系。一般认为，价值冲突常常界于价值的相对性之间。本认为，价值的绝对主义冲突往往导致比价值相对主义更加严重的后果．它的绝对性、极端一元性对世界的和谐和发展是一个巨大的挑战，同时，冲突双方一方的消解更能膨胀另一方的绝对性的侵略和扩张，使价值绝对性冲突陷入更加灾难性的恶性循环之中。针对这一现状，本提出一些理想性的对治策略，试图为价值绝对主义冲突找到一条可能的出路．     

The Spiral of Silence and Conflict Avoidance: Examining Antecedents of Opinion Expression Concerning the U.S. Military Buildup in the Pacific Island of Guam

The present study examines the role of local news media in influencing perceived public support for a controversial political issue, and merges a key proposition of the spiral of silence theory with literature on conflict avoidance to analyze antecedents of political outspokenness among a representative sample of registered voters in the Western Pacific Island of Guam. Respondents were asked about their perceptions of local news media and public support for, and willingness to express opinions about, the relocation of roughly 8,600 U.S. Marines and about 10,000 of their dependents and civilian support from Okinawa, Japan to Guam. Results show that perceived support from local news media predicted perceived public support. Perceived public support for one's opinions positively predicted, and conflict avoidance negatively predicted, willingness to express opinions. The positive association between perceived public support for one's opinions and willingness to express opinions was stronger among those who had higher conflict avoidance than those who had lower conflict avoidance.     

Silence as borderland: a semiotic approach to the “silent” pupil in nineteenth-century vocal education

Abstract

At the heart of the nineteenth-century educational soundscape lies a paradox. Whilst “modern” classrooms generally strived for orderly silence, the goal of its educational practices was the production of competent “citizens”. Middle-class boys in particular were expected to acquire a voice fit for business, the professions, or even (political) public speech whilst quietly listening to a teacher. This silence within the educational institution has generally been understood as an element of discipline. In this paper I want to examine the paradox of the silent classroom and the speaking citizen. I will focus specifically on those instances where the clear goal of education was vocal sound (i.e. fluent speech, civilised pronunciation, and song) and look at how silence was mobilised by educators. I will argue that the silences employed in these educational practices were not (only) tools of order and discipline, but rather means to create a “borderland” where the leap between childhood and its uncivilised noises, and adulthood and its rational speech, could be made.

I will draw upon the interpretations of silence as “in between” signs as it has been developed by semioticians to analyse a corpus of sources consisting mainly of French, German, and English pedagogical literature focusing on the development of children’s voices. Reframing the place of silence in “institutionalised” education allows us to delve deeper into the specific ways in which “discipline” (re)produced and articulated dichotomies of power.     

谈沉默的语用功能及其跨文化差异

沉默是人们交际过程中不可或缺的一部分，可以表达丰富的含义并具有丰富的语用功能。在不同的文化背景下沉默的含义迥然相异。中国人通常对沉默持积极态度，在交际中沉默使用频率忱西方人高。研究沉默的文化差异有助于交际者更好地理解会话的言外之意及未言之意，从而使交际更加顺利有效地进行。     

沉默的分类及其在电影《傲慢与偏见》中的应用

沉默,无声语言的主要表达形式,已经吸引了很多人对之进行研究和探索。沉默被认为是语言的缺失,它可以表达多种含义,或肯定或否定。有时沉默所表达的意义会胜过言语的意义。作为通用的语言现象,沉默在交际会话中的功能是不能被忽视的。沉默有三种分类,这三种分类在电影《傲慢与偏见》中都有应用。     

冲突还是共治——论中关关系的未来走向

中美关系的未来走向直接关系世界的和平与稳定。理性分析美国国内出现的中美“冲突”论与“共治”论,可以看出,中美之间悬殊的实力、两国紧密的经贸联系、美国的相对衰落以及中国的和平发展战略,决定中关不会走向冲突;而所谓中美“共治”更缺乏根基,也折射出美国当前的困境。未来的中美两国仍会有分歧与矛盾,但更多的将是合作与交流。     

沉默权研究

沉默权是被告人的一项重要的诉讼权利,它是被告人的防御权、人格权,是对国家权力的制约权;它具有体现刑事诉讼价值、丰富刑事诉讼职能、实现刑事诉讼结构公正、完善刑事诉讼证据规则的作用;没有沉默权的权利体系是不完备的权利体系。本文通过对沉默权内涵的浅述,并联系我国具体的司法实际,阐述在我国设立沉默权的重要意义。     

论沉默权下警察讯问制度的规范

在刑事侦查中,面对犯罪嫌疑人的沉默权,警察讯问面临挑战。以国外沉默权对警察讯问的限制及其有限性为参照,结合我国实际,可知沉默权的确立将给我国警察讯问带来重大影响。我国亟需从侦查模式、警察技能、刑事技术、强制措施、检警关系、场所监督等方面对沉默权下的警察讯问制度加以规范。     

沉默权:否定之否定后中国的理性抉择

沉默权起源于英国，已有八百多年的历史。沉默权的发展道路曲折，经历了一个否定之否定的过程，至今已渐趋成熟。由于诸多原因，我国尚未采用沉默权制度。随着诉讼理念和民主进程的发展，中国引进沉默权制度已经提上了议事日程。沉默权应当引进，但应当有限制地引进，不能简单地拿来。在引进的过程中，必须采取辩证的、科学的态度，借鉴国外的先进经验，这样才能确保其移植成功。     

蔡琰的歌——一个后殖民的隐喻

汤亭亭在《女勇士》重述了中国三国时期女诗人蔡琰的故事作为她处女作的结尾。她以一种轻松浪漫的笔调叙述蔡琰的俘虏经历,把她刻画成一个敢杀汉人的勇士,甚至把她又改写成一个汉匈两族文化差异的调和者,这些大胆的改写塑造了一个具有后殖民杂交性的蔡琰故事。这个故事的杂交性表达了作者对于华裔美国人打破自己失语沉默境地的渴望,隐喻着两代华裔美国人的矛盾的和解的可能,同时也流露出对美国种族之间相互融合与理解的期盼。