初始条件与新创科技企业生存

新创科技企业的生存与成长是创业研究的重要内容。尽管学界认识到科技企业初创条件对其生存的重要作用，但对这一作用的过程知之甚少。为此，本研究从企业资源观和组织生态学的视角出发，以中关村新创办的科技企业为例，运用Complementary log-log模型，研究了企业创立时的资源与条件——即研发投入、内部金融资本、企业规模和产业集中度——对其生存风险的影响及其时效性。研究结果表明，初创时较高的内部金融资本和产业集中度将增加企业的生存风险，而较高的研发投入和企业规模将提升科技企业的生存概率。同时，这些初创资源与条件对企业生存的影响显示出不同的时效性。这些经验证据将有助于揭示中国科技型企业的生存过程。     

研发投入分布特征与研发投资强度影响因素的分析——基于我国30万个工业企业面板数据

利用我国2005-2007年30万家工业企业数据,对工业企业研发投入分布特征进行描述性统计得到:我国仅10％左右的企业有研发活动,在从事研发活动的企业中49.25％的企业研发活动不稳定;年销售收入大于3亿元的特大型企业,其研究开发经费占销售收入的比重也只有0.52％;研发投入产业分布具有明显重型化工业结构特征、地区分布不均衡;政府引导企业研发投入的特征明显;大规模、寿命期长的企业从事研发活动的比例高、研发投入总量大,但研发投入强度反而更低;研发投入集中度较高,约1/4的研发投入集中在有研发投资活动的3％的企业里,研发投资还没有成为一般企业的自主行为.对企业研发强度的影响因素分析得到:第一,企业规模、年龄等内部因素显著正向影响研发投入总量,但显著负向影响研发投资强度,企业规模与“研发投资/总资产”表示的研发投入强度之间存在“倒U”型关系.企业利润显著正向影响私营企业和外资企业的研发投资强度,但对国有企业影响不显著;第二,地区财政的科技支持、银行信贷资金支持显著提高了不同经济类型企业的研发投入强度,但对国有企业的作用大大超过私营企业和外资企业.中国本土企业的创新投入存在两难:国有企业的研发投入规模大、强度高,主要来源于财政和信贷支持,企业缺乏内生的激励与资金来源;私营企业创新投入有内生激励,但缺乏政府财政支持、尤其信贷大力支持.     

基于政府支持的科技担保缓解科技型初创企业融资难问题的研究

融资难问题已成为制约科技型初创企业发展的最大难题,杭州市于2009年创新推出基于政府支持的科技担保——"天使担保"模式,通过国有担保公司担保、银行贷款、风险共担的市场机制将财政科技投入与金融资本有效对接,降低了科技型初创企业贷款门槛。对2009年获得天使担保的66家科技型初创企业的问卷调查结果显示,天使担保已取得较明显成效,有效地解决企业发展的资金缺口,降低企业融资成本,提高了企业发展速度和质量。     

供应商集中度、财务柔性与企业研发投入

基于供应链的视角，本文对供应商集中度与企业研发投入之间的关系进行实证研究。结果表明，供应商集中度越高，企业研发投入越少，并且企业降低研发投入是出于承诺性动机而非预防性动机；供应商集中度对研发投入的负向影响通过融资约束路径而非风险承担路径发挥作用，进一步证明了企业的承诺性动机；企业的财务柔性会对供应商集中度与研发投入之间的负相关关系产生正向调节作用，企业可以保持适当的财务柔性改善供应商集中对企业研发投入的负向影响。     

青岛市高新技术企业保险保障策略研究

高新技术产业已成为青岛经济的重要增长点。高新技术产业的发展不仅需要大规模金融资本的支撑,其高收益所伴随的高风险也需要金融产品加以分散和转移。发展保险业务能优化科技创新环境,从一定程度上弥补高新技术企业研发和产业化失败带来的损失,使高新技术企业出资人、科研工作者消除对风险的顾虑,加大研发投入,不断提升自主创新能力,为青岛市的科技发展注入新的活力。     

企业专利申请类型的影响因素探析——来自中国工业企业的实证研究

基于中国工业企业微观数据考察了企业专利申请类型的选择,在此基础上构建bi-probit模型,深入分析规模、产业竞争及研发投入对企业专利申请类型的影响,研究发现,企业规模和产业集中度促进了企业的发明专利和实用新型专利申请,且对发明专利的影响更大;研发强度促进发明专利的申请,但与实用新型专利申请负相关。在此基础上提出企业专利战略选择和我国专利制度改革的政策建议。     

税收优惠政策对科技型中小企业研发投入影响的实证分析

税收优惠政策作为政府支持企业科技创新的重要手段,是解决创新的外部性导致企业创新动力不足的有效激励机制。本文基于2015—2022年我国新三板挂牌的科技型中小企业共5438个样本量,研究了税收优惠政策对科技型中小企业研发投入的影响效果,围绕政府治理和企业治理两个层面,从地方财政压力和独立董事规模与股权集中度作为切入点,并将其作为调节变量,提出假设并构建模型进行回归分析和稳健性检验。结果表明,税收优惠政策与科技型中小企业研发投入呈正相关,地方财政压力和股权集中度会削弱税收优惠对科技型中小企业研发投入的正向影响,而独立董事规模会增强税收优惠对科技型中小企业研发投入的正向影响。最后,从政府、企业、社会三个层面出发提出了相关建议。     

研发投入、市场结构对高技术企业绩效的影响

以中国工业企业数据库2005—2007年四个高技术行业4556个企业层面的数据为样本,本文采用修正的标准差估计方法,实证分析了研发投入、市场结构对高技术企业绩效的影响。研究结果表明,高技术企业的研发投入会对企业绩效起到显著的促进作用,在集中度较低的市场中竞争程度的减弱会强化研发投入对企业绩效的促进作用,然而在集中度较高的市场中市场结构的调节作用并不显著。本文深化了市场结构与中国高技术企业研发绩效关系的认识,为高技术产业创新绩效提升提供理论指导。     

上市企业研发投入的现状和影响因素研究—基于跨行业数据的分析

本论文利用在沪、深两市全部上市公司的年报数据,从企业微观层面分析了上市公司的研发投入整体情况和分行业的研发投入特征。同时从分行业的角度分析企业规模、企业产权属性和行业集中度对企业研发投入的影响。通过研发发现,中国上市公司的整体研发投入强度要高于规模以上工业企业的研发投入强度,但是还远远低于全球研发活跃企业的研发投入强度。企业规模和企业研发投入强度之间呈现正U型关系,中型规模企业的研发投入弹性要低于大型企业和小型企业。从企业的产权属性来看,民营企业的产权属性对提升企业的研发投入弹性具有正向的促进作用。从企业所在行业的市场结构来说,行业市场集中度对行业企业研发投入强度没有显著的相关性。     

供应链集中度对企业研发投入强度影响的实证研究——产权性质的调节作用

本文选用我国中小板上市制造业企业为研究样本，利用2010—2016年的面板数据，探讨了供应链集中度、产权性质对企业研发投入强度的影响。研究结果表明，供应链集中度的两个维度，即供应商集中度和客户集中度，对企业研发投入强度的影响存在差异，客户集中度能够显著促进研发投入强度，而供应商集中度对研发投入强度产生负向影响。进一步地，考虑我国存在不同产权性质的企业，在非国有企业中，客户集中度对企业研发投入强度的促进作用更加明显，同时一定程度上缓和了供应商集中度对研发投入强度的负向影响；而国有企业中，供应商集中度对企业研发投入强度的抑制作用更加显著。本研究从企业供应链的视角探讨了影响企业研发投入强度的因素，重新认识了供应链集中度对企业研发投入强度的影响。研究结论对企业如何看待供应链集中度以及如何评估供应链集中度对企业研发活动的影响，具有理论和实践意义。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence