一类极小非Abel群的自同构群

设G是有限非p-群,且为极小非Abel群,即其所有的真子群均为Abel群,但G不是Abel群。根据此类群的结构性质,运用Bidwell和Curran在2006年引入的描述半直积的自同构的矩阵表示的方法,结合作者在2010年和2013年证明的关于稳定自同构群的矩阵公式以及正则圈积的自同构群的矩阵描述,得到了群G的自同构群的结构分解,并求出了自同构群的阶。     

Disciplinary and interdisciplinary affiliations of experienced researchers

This article reports on a study of senior academics’ views of their disciplinary and interdisciplinary affiliations. It questions the idea that academics have a firm and fixed disciplinary identity from which they then act and suggests that academic work in the contemporary university challenges and changes how individuals view their disciplinary affiliation. The article provides empirical data that lends weight to critical questioning of anthropological metaphors, which have tended to dominate discussions of disciplinarity. It suggests that contemporary understandings of disciplinary and interdisciplinary identity need more fluid metaphors and models; ones that can capture the shifting and questioning uncertainties that give expression to the rhetorical and reflexive nature of academics’ disciplinary affiliations. The article explores the implications of a dominant emphasis on disciplinary relationships for understanding disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity and examines the practical implications for structures and systems that are designed to enhance and evaluate research and teaching within higher education.     

A minimal axiom group for rough set based on quasi-ordering

Rough set axiomatization is one aspect of rough set study to characterize rough set theory using dependable and minimal axiom groups.Thus,rough set theory can be studied by logic and axiom system methods.The classic rough set theory is based on equivalent relation,but rough set theory based on reflexive and transitive relation(called quasi-ordering)has wide applications in the real world.To characterize topological rough set theory,an axiom group named RT,consisting of 4 axioms,is proposed.It is proved that the axiom group reliability in characterizing rough set theory based on similai relation is reasonable.Simultaneously,the minimization of the axiom group,which requires that each axiom is an equation and each is independent,is proved.The axiom group is helpful for researching rough set theory by logic and axiom system methods.     

A social skills group for children

Abstract

An NHS Trust set up groups to teach social skills to children and adolescents using a cognitive behavioural framework. One group of seven children (five boys and two girls) is described. Parents were invited to a parallel parents' group. Each group lasted for 90 minutes and ran weekly for 6 weeks. Extensive liaison with parents and teachers took place before, during and after the group. Analysis of pre- and postgroup questionnaires sent to parents and teachers indicated improved social functioning, outside the group, for most of the children. Parents valued the dialogue with professionals and often felt supported by them for the first time. Therapists' contact with teachers ensured full knowledge of children's behaviour and the transfer of skills to schools. Cognitive behavioural techniques with children under-going group work require intensive liaison to facilitate generalization of skills learnt.     

Peer group interaction of physically abused children

The aim of this research study was to test the assumption that physically abused children differ significantly from their non-abused peers along dimensions which characterize abusing adults and other social deviants. Nineteen 5-10 year-old physically abused children and 38 non-abused peers were assessed by video-taped behavioral observations during free-flowing social interaction in a playroom. The dimensions tapped were: aggression, warmth, fear, pleasure, concentration, imagination and social participation. The dimension social participation was split into three variables: total social participation, negative participation and positive participation. The data from these nine dimensions was subject to a Pearson's correlation. Given the high correlation amongst these variables the data was subject to a principal components analysis with varimax rotation. From this analysis two components emerged which explained 76.9% of the total variance. These components were designated "social interaction" (component 1) and "hostility" (component 2) and were then subject to analyses of variance. A significant difference was found between the two groups on the "social interaction" component. The implications of these findings were explored and treatment possibilities examined.     

Children's judgments of disloyal and immoral peer behavior: subjective group dynamics in minimal intergroup contexts

The developmental model of subjective group dynamics hypothesizes that peer exclusion during middle childhood involves inferences about group dynamics. To test the generality of this prediction, children judged, within minimal groups, peers whose behavior was loyal versus disloyal (Study 1: n = 46, mean age = 113 months) or morally acceptable versus unacceptable (Study 2: n = 121, mean age = 90 months). As hypothesized, in Study 1, children used their understanding of loyalty norms as a basis for evaluating peers. In both studies, higher commitment to the in-group increased use of group-based criteria for judging peers. In Study 2, children employed moral- and group-based criteria independently for judging peers. Multiple classification skill was associated with lower intergroup bias and greater use of morality-based judgment.     

Consequences of learning about historical racism among European American and African American children

Knowledge about racism is a critical component of educational curricula and contemporary race relations. To examine children's responses to learning about racism, European American (Study 1; N= 48) and African American (Study 2; N= 69) elementary-aged children (ages 6-11) received history lessons that included information about racism experienced by African Americans (racism condition), or otherwise identical lessons that omitted this information (control condition). Children's racial attitudes and cognitive and affective responses to the lessons were assessed. Among European American children, racism condition participants showed less biased attitudes toward African Americans than control condition participants. Among African American children, attitudes did not vary by condition. Children in the two conditions showed several different cognitive and affective responses to the lessons.     

Effects of a divorce group intervention for elementary school children

The study investigated the effectiveness of a primary prevention educational support group for children of divorce. Subjects were 60 children, ages 9–11, paired for sex and time since parental separation. Experimental subjects participated in eight weekly group sessions while their yoked controls attended regular classes. Subjects completed pre-and posttest measures of depression, anxiety, divorce information, and feelings about divorce. The group intervention resulted in significant decreases in depression, anxiety, and negative feelings about divorce. Experimental group scores increased significantly on divorce information. The study suggests that preventive group interventions can result in improved adjustment outcomes for children of divorce.     

Young children working together. Cooperative learning effects on group work of children in Grade 1 of primary education

It was examined whether cooperative learning within the Success for All (SfA) program led to improved group work behaviour of Grade 1 pupils. 168 pupils of six SfA schools and 144 pupils of four control schools participated. Positive and negative group work behaviour was observed during a group task, taking into account socioemotional ethos, group participation, and type of dialogue. Longitudinal multilevel analysis was used for the sequence of observed 20-s time intervals. SfA groups showed more positive and less negative group work behaviour compared to control groups, whilst controlling for several group characteristics. Results suggest that negative group work behaviour increased gradually during the whole task in control groups, while in SfA groups it increased only towards the end of the task. The findings indicate that cooperative learning may lead to improved group work behaviour of young pupils (6–7 years old).     

试析弱势群体子女教育贫困成因及其救济途径

我国正处在社会转型期,在国民经济高速发展和人民总体生活水平不断提高的同时,社会阶层的分化也在加速,弱势群体随之产生。由于弱势群体在社会竞争中处于不利地位,其家庭经济收入很低甚至入不敷出,最终导致弱势群体子女教育贫困。这一现象如果得不到有效解决,将会严重影响我国构建和谐社会目标的实现。     

双语与认知发展

在收集并阅读国外多篇有关双语者的认知发展的文献的基础上,分析了这些研究的内容、侧重面以及它们带来的启示和今后的研究方向。     

腐败的经济危害分析

理论界对腐败的经济危害有一定的争议,有些人甚至认为腐败是经济增长的润滑剂。但腐败对经济的危害越来越成为学者们的共识。本文从宏观、微观和社会政治三个方面阐述腐败对经济增长的伤害。从而得出腐败制约经济增长、促进经济增长必须反腐的结论。     

Consequences of Project Organisation in Graduate Education

It is a common assumption that disciplinary differences in the organisation of research and knowledge structure have implications for graduate students' learning processes. The present study indicates, however, that even though the inclusion of master's degree students in faculty member's research projects are much more common in the natural sciences than in the humanities and the social sciences, such projects improve quality and effectiveness of graduate education in all fields of learning. Disciplinary differences imply, nevertheless, that projects should be organised differently. Graduate education in the humanities and the social sciences should be organised as research seminars and umbrella projects of individual student theses to a greater extent, rather than trying to apply a research organisation model developed in laboratory fields.     

Meanings and Consequences in Standard Setting

Standard setting is defined as the identification of certain points on a mark scale with particular performance standards, with the intention of enhancing the inferences that are warranted from the test scores. It is argued that the selection of both the points on the mark‐scales and the performance standards with which they are equated are arbitrary and are driven by a set of values (which are often implicit). In ‘high‐stakes’ settings, it is shown how the values implicit in the standard can come to dominate the values inherent in the domain they represent. The validation of standards must therefore include consideration of their consequences as well as their meanings. It is then argued that standards, where they exist, cannot be accounted for purely in terms of norm‐referenced or criterion‐referenced interpretations, but exist rather by virtue of a shared construct in a community of practice. These theoretical positions are then developed to classify standard‐setting methods along two dimensions, the first relating to the role of performance data in the setting of standards and the second relating to the extent to which the meanings or the consequences of the assessment are emphasised in the process.     

The Role of Consequences in validity Theory

How do individuals make sense of and use the products and practices of testing in their everyday lives? What is the responsibility of the educational measurement community to take these issues into consideration in assessing what it is that we do?