河流生态系统特征及流量变化的生态效应

对河流生态系统特征及流量变化的生态效应的认知,是进行河流有效管理的前提.根据河流水情及其相应的生态变化,文章提出了河流生态水文季节的概念;与生态水文季节相对应,界定了最小生态流量、适宜生态流量和汛期生态流量的内涵;在此基础上,以水文连接度、生境改变、物种变化以及生态系统功能等为参考指标,分析了流量变化的生态效应.为探索有效的河流生态系统修复途径和管理策略,维持河流系统的健康提供科学依据.     

苔藓植物水文生态功能研究

阐述了苔藓植物的水分生理特征,总结了近年来苔藓植被层的水文生态功能的研究成果,针对苔藓植物水文生态研究中存在的问题进行了探讨与分析,并对今后研究工作提出了建议.     

水文序列的时间变异性分析

利用信息论的基本概念 ,构造了分析水文序列信息差异度的诊断方法 ,并用于长江上游某控制站的年最高洪水位序列和陆水流域年降雨序列的时间变异性分析。结果表明 ,此法可有效地诊断水文序列的变异性 ,所得结论符合实际 ,具有较高的理论价值。结合中长期水文气象预报 ,研究和分析区域水文生态序列的时间和空间变异性特征 ,以便了解气候和生物圈状况的区域变化对水文、生态和水资源系统的影响     

基于生态的淮河流域水利工程管理问题探讨

水利工程从两个方面对河流生态系统产生胁迫：一是自然水文条件的改变;二是河流自然地貌特征的改变．运用河流动态管理、适应性管理理念以及生态水工学原理对淮河流域水利工程的科学管理问题进行探讨．根据实际情况,在淮河流域不可能进行全面的生态恢复．目前应主要解决枯水季节灌溉用水与河流自净需水、最小生态基流的关系．同时,进行部分河道自然地貌特征和自然岸坡的恢复．在此基础上,逐步恢复河流的历史自然水文特征,恢复河流的自然形态和生物栖息地,最大限度地发挥河流生态系统自组织和自我修复功能．     

岩溶区水文与水资源工程专业建设探讨

中国水文与水资源工程专业的学科建设目前还处于不断发展及调整的阶段.桂林理工大学水文专业就如何立足广西,面向西南这一关键问题,对本专业课程设置进行精准定位,认为本专业的学科发展应从水文学及水资源、河流健康与水环境治理、生态水利与节水灌溉等三个研究方向着手,并从师资队伍建设与实践教学能力的提高、校外实习基地以及改革人才培养模式等方面进行分析,为开设有地方特色的“岩溶水文学”“岩溶生态水文学”及“岩溶区水资源开发利用”等课程提供准备.     

华北平原大型灌区生态水文综合观测网络设计

清华大学水利水电工程系在华北平原地区建立生态水文综合观测网,进行农田生态水文综合试验研究。该观测网络通过对不同空间和时间尺度的水、热、物质循环的连续观测,形成对不同时间和空间尺度水循环机理的系统认识,为现代水文学与水资源科学的发展提供试验数据。同时,将该网络与卫星遥感观测相结合,可以将田间观测推广到全灌区,对指导该地区农业水资源管理和制定社会经济可持续发展规划具有重要的实践意义。该观测网络测量项目完整,观测手段先进,可为其他类似站网的建设提供参考。     

龙川江河道内最小生态需水量估算

龙川江是云南滇中高原面上最大的河流,其对楚雄州生态环境意义重大。龙川江经常出现断流现象,估算龙川江河道的生态需水量,可为龙川江的水量调控提供依据。通过对国内外河流生态需水量研究现状的梳理,选取曲率湿周法计算龙川江河道内最小生态需水量（MEIFR）。选取楚雄小河口、元谋小黄瓜园两个水文观测站的水文数据,估算出各观测站的MEIFR值：最大为6．8m3s^-1,最小为0m3s^-1。应用Tennant法研究结论分析龙川江MEIFR值,结果表明：按照龙川江整条河流多年平均径流量33．8m3s^-1计,需要MEIFR达到3．38m3s^-1,才能保护龙川江河道基本功能50％至全部,因此龙川江河道内现在的最小生态需水量并不能完全满足其河流的基本功能的需水量。     

秦岭生态保护区水文水资源特征

介绍了秦岭生态保护区的地理概况，从降水、径流、蒸发、输沙量和水质等方面论述了该保护区的水文特征，分析了水文水资源要素的演变趋势。     

洹河源流考

本文通过对文献资料的收集、整理,结合田野考察所得到的调研资料,以期对洹河源头和支流的情况进行探讨和考证,期望能够进一步系统地了解洹河流域的水文、地质和生态情况。     

生态需水计算的理论基础和方法探析

生态需水的研究已成为国内外地球科学领域普遍关注的一个热点问题。本文探讨了生态需水计算的一般理论基础,对现有的计算方法进行整理和分类,并评价了各种方法的特点和局限,构建了一个较为明晰的生态需水计算框架。研究认为,生态需水的计算应该在水与生态系统关系的基础上,遵循水文循环和水量平衡原理、自然地带性原理以及生态系统完整性原理,进行水资源的合理配置。对于整个流域生态需水的估算,可分为河道外生态需水和河流廊道生态需水两部分。目前,河道外生态需水的计算方法主要有基于蒸散发或基于生物量两种方法。河流廊道生态需水的计算方法主要有分项合成法和整体耦合法。     

钦州湾表层海水温度盐度及pH值时空变化

根据2009年春夏秋冬4个季节调查资料,分析钦州湾表层海水温度、盐度及pH值的季节变化和分布特征。结果表明：钦州湾海水平均温度春季20．4℃,夏季30．1℃,秋季16．0℃,冬季14．6℃,变化特征与气温的季节变化相同,空间分布为夏秋季河口区的水温都略高于湾口区,而春冬季则相反。海水平均盐度春季20．067,夏季17．975,秋季23．864,冬季23．660,表现为秋季〉冬季〉春季〉夏季,各季节空间分布总体表现为河口区低,湾口区高的趋势。海水pH平均值春季7．82,夏季8．11,秋季8．01,冬季8．10,全年空间分布高值区均出现在大风江口外海域。钦州湾海水比较适宜大蚝、对虾、文蛤等广温广盐性品种的海水养殖。     

20世纪90年代我国区域高等教育公平与效率变化的实证研究

公平和效率是各国高等教育发展中存在的重要问题之一。一般认为公平和效率在理论上和宏观上是可以统一的，并能够得到协调发展和可持续发展。然而，从微观和实践层面上分析却往往会发现存在一种矛盾现象，似乎是一个不可调和的两难问题。我国省(市)高等教育发展的公平与效率就是当前急需关注的一个典型的、具体的问题。通过对反映我国1999年和2000年各省(市)高等教育和经济发展状况的多指标进行聚类、相关等统计分析，考察了我国20世纪90年代高等教育区域公平和效率的发展变化特征，并通过对二者量化关系的揭示，对我国省(市)20世纪90年代高等教育公平与效率问题进行了实证分析和评估，并对我国未来省(市)高等教育的进一步发展提出了相应的对策和建议。     

A comparative examination of schools' responses to bereavement and the associated needs of the school community in Galway,West of Ireland and Derry,Northern Ireland

The aim and objective of this study is to examine and compare how schools in Galway, Republic of Ireland and Derry in the North of Ireland (cities located within two independent jurisdictions in Ireland) manage and respond to bereavement. To carry out a survey of schools, the ‘Loss in Schools’ questionnaire is considered the most suitable tool. The questionnaire, which contains 10 questions designed to unearth pertinent issues including the needs and concerns of schools, had previously been administered in studies in Hull. Sixty questionnaires were administered in both Galway and Derry, with a return of 38 and 35, respectively. This study illuminates important aspects of the topic. The schools in both Galway and Derry rate bereavement (and parental separation) as highly important in terms of priorities. In terms of policy, some of the respondents in both study sites report that loss is included in their school's policy documents but not formally included in the curriculum. A designated staff member (who would speak to the pupil experiencing the death of a family member or significant other) is evident in 37% of Derry schools and 23% of Galway schools. Some members of staff in both study sites have attended training in bereavement, although the courses are relatively short term. Schools request assistance from other agencies outside the formal schools arena in times of need. In Galway the psychology services are most commonly consulted, while in Derry the Western Education and Library Board Bereavement Counselling teams and Cruse Bereavement Care are identified as additional resources from which help is sought. This paper outlines recommendations on schools' training needs in the area of child bereavement and the request for support to help further develop and formalise school policies.     

Trust in top management and immediate supervisor: The relationship to satisfaction,perceived organizational effectiveness,and information receiving

Utilizing 2068 individuals in 60 organizations in the U.S. and Italy, this study (a) examines the overall relationship between trust in top management and immediate supervisor and overall estimates of satisfaction and perceived organizational effectiveness, (b) compares the amount of variance in satisfaction and effectiveness that can be explained by trust in top management to the amount of variance explained by trust in immediate supervisor, and (c) clarifies the role of information receiving as a predictor of trust in top management and immediate supervisor. Results of a canonical correlation analysis indicated that the canonical equation explained 49% of the variance in the linear composites (Canonical R = .69, p < .001). Trust in top management was more strongly associated with satisfaction and effectiveness than was trust in immediate supervisor. Tzvo separate multiple regression analyses indicated that after controlling for geographic location of company and type of industry, information received about job and organizational issues uniquely explained 26% of the variance in trust in top management and 13% of the variance in trust in immediate supervisor.     

Towards Inclusion? Models of Behaviour Support in Secondary Schools in One Education Authority in Scotland

This article draws on data emerging from an evaluation of behaviour support strategies in secondary schools in an education authority in Scotland. The authors all work at the University of Glasgow. Jean Kane has research and teaching interests in the area of special educational needs; she offers consultancy to local authorities in the development of inclusive policies and practices in schools. Dr George Head has research and teaching interests in the area of social, emotional and behavioural difficulties and social inclusion; he is also an experienced teacher. Both Jean Kane and George Head are lecturers in the Faculty of Education. Nicola Cogan is a researcher at the Strathclyde Centre for Disability Research and has a background as a research psychologist in the health sector.
In Scotland, the growth of behaviour support provision is closely related to broader policy on social inclusion. It is argued in this article that new models of behaviour support can be developed in the light of previous and related experience in the development of inclusive support systems in schools. The authors present a typology of behaviour support, drawing upon their evaluation of provision, and discuss the characteristics of the types of support that emerge. Using data from exclusion statistics, pupil case studies and interviews with teachers, managers, pupils and parents, Jean Kane, George Head and Nicola Cogan explore the implications of their work for future developments in support for pupils who present difficult behaviours.     

水彩画中的光影魅力

从文艺复兴时期的写实水彩画到当代的趣味性水彩画,光与影一直伴随其间。通过对西方水彩画发展历史的概述和15、16世纪的德国,18、19世纪的英国,20世纪的美国等几个时期在光影处理方面具有鲜明特点的水彩艺术大师的作品分析,研究其光影处理技巧在作品中和所在时期创作中的作用,可以探索光影运用发展的意义,感悟水彩画中的光影魅力。     

北京话旁称代词的历时嬗变（1750—1950）（上）

自18世纪中叶到20世纪中叶,北京话旁称代词系统在句法、语义上呈现出了比较明显的发展变化,这种发展变化在三个时期的三部典型的北京话文献《红楼梦》《儿女英雄传》《正红旗下》中得到了充分的反映。就旁称代词系统而言,历时嬗变的发生轨迹是：由18世纪中叶的＂别人、人家、别人家、他人、旁人＂阵容切换到了19世纪中叶的＂人家、别人、他人、旁人＂阵容,并最终切换到了20纪中叶的＂别人、人家＂阵容,期间的此消彼长、删汰整合昭然。就旁称代词个体而言,历时嬗变的发生轨迹是：1.＂别人＂由18世纪的炙热到19世纪的没落,再到20世纪的重新走强;2＂.人家＂由18世纪的初露锋芒到19世纪的首度大大超越＂别人＂而一枝独秀,再到20世纪与＂别人＂的平分天下;3＂.他人＂这个曾经在相当长的时段内的旁称代词家族的宠儿由18世纪的颓势已现到19世纪的英雄末路,直至20世纪的难觅踪影;4.不温不火一路走来的＂旁人＂由18世纪的衰落到19世纪的走向没落,直至20世纪的淡出我们的视线;5.产生于元代的＂别人家＂由18世纪的衰弱到19世纪的没落,直至20世纪的只留存在部分方言中而在北京话中彻底消亡。     

公平与均衡：发展中国家教育变革的体制探析

均衡发展是发展教育的本质要求。教育体制在很大程度上直接规定了教育体系存在、运行和发展的基本方式,制约着教育资源的开发、配置以及教育各项社会功能的实现。世界各国教育存在方式和发展模式上的种种不同都相对集中地反映在其教育体制上。文章从体制层面来探析发展中国家的教育变革,力图为发展中国家教育变革的公平与均衡提供体制性保障,促进发展中国家的教育发展。     

Students' Argumentative Writing Skills in Science and First-Language Education: Commonalities and differences

The ability to build arguments is a crucial skill and a central educational goal in all school subjects including science as it enables students to formulate reasoned opinions and thus to cope with the increasing complexity of knowledge. In the present cross-sectional study, we examined the domain-specificity of argumentative writing in science by comparing it with a rather general type of argumentation as promoted in first-language education and with formal reasoning to gain insight into different forms of argumentation on theoretical and empirical levels. Using a paper-and-pencil test, we analyzed written argumentations and the reasoning abilities of 3,274 Grade-10 students in German secondary schools. Correlation and multiple regression analyses as well as a qualitative analysis of students' answers to a subset of tasks in the domains of science and first-language education were conducted. Results showed moderate relations between argumentation in science, argumentation in first-language education, and reasoning. Half of the variance in argumentation in science was explained by individual differences in argumentation in first-language education and reasoning. Furthermore, the examination of written arguments revealed differences, for example, in students' weighing of pros and cons. We assume that the familiarity of the underlying scientific information may play an essential role in the argumentation process and posit that it needs to be investigated in more detail. Overall, the study indicates that investigating the argumentational abilities of learners in first-language education and reasoning abilities can help to shed light on the domain-specificity of argumentation in science.     

港台作家作品中的熟语变异现象之我见

用普通话写作的港台作家作品中所用的熟语受到港台话的影响而发生变异。本讨论共同语的熟语在港台话中的语形变异和语义变异，提出并讨论其变异的方式，以求其沟通普通话和港台话对同义或同形熟语的相互理解。