中长跑运动员的速度训练

速度素质对提高中长跑运动水平已越来越重要.通过对中长跑运动员速度训练具体途径与方法的分析和探讨,提出训练中应注意的问题,为提高我国中长跑运动成绩提供借鉴.     

Nutritional strategies to support concurrent training

Abstract

Concurrent training (the combination of endurance exercise to resistance training) is a common practice for athletes looking to maximise strength and endurance. Over 20 years ago, it was first observed that performing endurance exercise after resistance exercise could have detrimental effects on strength gains. At the cellular level, specific protein candidates have been suggested to mediate this training interference; however, at present, the physiological reason(s) behind the concurrent training effect remain largely unknown. Even less is known regarding the optimal nutritional strategies to support concurrent training and whether unique nutritional approaches are needed to support endurance and resistance exercise during concurrent training approaches. In this review, we will discuss the importance of protein supplementation for both endurance and resistance training adaptation and highlight additional nutritional strategies that may support concurrent training. Finally, we will attempt to synergise current understanding of the interaction between physiological responses and nutritional approaches into practical recommendations for concurrent training.     

Nutritional strategies to influence adaptations to training

This article highlights new nutritional concerns or practices that may influence the adaptation to training. The discussion is based on the assumption that the adaptation to repeated bouts of training occurs during recovery periods and that if one can train harder, the adaptation will be greater. The goal is to maximize with nutrition the recovery/adaptation that occurs in all rest periods, such that recovery before the next training session is complete. Four issues have been identified where recent scientific information will force sports nutritionists to embrace new issues and reassess old issues and, ultimately, alter the nutritional recommendations they give to athletes. These are: (1) caffeine ingestion; (2) creatine ingestion; (3) the use of intramuscular triacylglycerol (IMTG) as a fuel during exercise and the nutritional effects on IMTG repletion following exercise; and (4) the role nutrition may play in regulating the expression of genes during and after exercise training sessions. Recent findings suggest that low doses of caffeine exert significant ergogenic effects by directly affecting the central nervous system during exercise. Caffeine can cross the blood–brain barrier and antagonize the effects of adenosine, resulting in higher concentrations of stimulatory neurotransmitters. These new data strengthen the case for using low doses of caffeine during training. On the other hand, the data on the role that supplemental creatine ingestion plays in augmenting the increase in skeletal muscle mass and strength during resistance training remain equivocal. Some studies are able to demonstrate increases in muscle fibre size with creatine ingestion and some are not. The final two nutritional topics are new and have not progressed to the point that we can specifically identify strategies to enhance the adaptation to training. However, it is likely that nutritional strategies will be needed to replenish the IMTG that is used during endurance exercise. It is not presently clear whether the IMTG store is chronically reduced when engaging in daily sessions of endurance training or if this impacts negatively on the ability to train. It is also likely that the increased interest in gene and protein expression measurements will lead to nutritional strategies to optimize the adaptations that occur in skeletal muscle during and after exercise training sessions. Research in these areas in the coming years will lead to strategies designed to improve the adaptive response to training.     

Nutritional strategies to influence adaptations to training

This article highlights new nutritional concerns or practices that may influence the adaptation to training. The discussion is based on the assumption that the adaptation to repeated bouts of training occurs during recovery periods and that if one can train harder, the adaptation will be greater. The goal is to maximize with nutrition the recovery/adaptation that occurs in all rest periods, such that recovery before the next training session is complete. Four issues have been identified where recent scientific information will force sports nutritionists to embrace new issues and reassess old issues and, ultimately, alter the nutritional recommendations they give to athletes. These are: (1) caffeine ingestion; (2) creatine ingestion; (3) the use of intramuscular triacylglycerol (IMTG) as a fuel during exercise and the nutritional effects on IMTG repletion following exercise; and (4) the role nutrition may play in regulating the expression of genes during and after exercise training sessions. Recent findings suggest that low doses of caffeine exert significant ergogenic effects by directly affecting the central nervous system during exercise. Caffeine can cross the blood-brain barrier and antagonize the effects of adenosine, resulting in higher concentrations of stimulatory neurotransmitters. These new data strengthen the case for using low doses of caffeine during training. On the other hand, the data on the role that supplemental creatine ingestion plays in augmenting the increase in skeletal muscle mass and strength during resistance training remain equivocal. Some studies are able to demonstrate increases in muscle fibre size with creatine ingestion and some are not. The final two nutritional topics are new and have not progressed to the point that we can specifically identify strategies to enhance the adaptation to training. However, it is likely that nutritional strategies will be needed to replenish the IMTG that is used during endurance exercise. It is not presently clear whether the IMTG store is chronically reduced when engaging in daily sessions of endurance training or if this impacts negatively on the ability to train. It is also likely that the increased interest in gene and protein expression measurements will lead to nutritional strategies to optimize the adaptations that occur in skeletal muscle during and after exercise training sessions. Research in these areas in the coming years will lead to strategies designed to improve the adaptive response to training.     

Nutritional strategies to counter stress to the immune system in athletes, with special reference to football

Although epidemiological data indicate that athletes are at increased risk of upper respiratory tract infection during periods of heavy training and the 1 - 2 week period following endurance race events, there is very limited information on the responses to football training and match-play. For several hours after heavy exertion, components of both the innate (e.g. natural killer cell activity and neutrophil oxidative burst activity) and adaptive (e.g. T and B cell function) immune system exhibit suppressed function. Although such responses to football training and competition do not appear to be as pronounced, variations in immune cell numbers and function are reported in professional footballers over the course of a season. Attempts have been made through nutritional means (e.g. glutamine, vitamins C and E, and carbohydrate supplementation) to attenuate immune changes following intensive exercise and thus lower the risk of upper respiratory tract infection. Carbohydrate supplementation during heavy exercise has emerged as a partial countermeasure and attenuates increases in blood neutrophil counts, stress hormones, and inflammatory cytokines, but has little effect on decrements in salivary IgA output or natural killer cell function. Animal research indicates that other nutritional components such as beta-glucan, quercetin, and curcumin warrant human investigations to determine if they are effective countermeasures to exercise-induced immune dysfunction.     

五星草胶囊对男子中长跑运动员运动能力的影响

目的:探讨五星草胶囊对耐力项目运动员运动能力的影响。方法:将8名男子中长跑运动员分为实验组(服用五星草胶囊4名)和对照组(服用安慰剂4名),在正常训练期间,实验组每人每日早晚各服用五星草胶囊5粒,共服用10天。服药前一天和停药后次日上午测试受试者体成分、血清肌酸激酶(CK)、血尿素(BU)、睾酮(T)、血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞计数(RBC)指标以及递增负荷实验的心率(HR)和血乳酸(Bla)。结果:实验组在服药后有氧运动后即刻的Bla明显下降(P<0.05),Bla最高值和Bla增值降低,运动后即刻的HR降低,12minHR的恢复率增加,Hb值明显增加(P<0.05),对照组在实验后T明显下降(P<0.05),其余指标在实验前后没有明显变化(P>0.05)。结论:服用五星草胶囊对改善运动员的身体机能状况有一定的效果,对耐力项目运动员有氧能力有一定的促进作用。     

我国优秀中跑运动员体能研究综述

运用文献资料、逻辑分析和比较研究等方法,分析了近年来对优秀中跑运动员体能的研究状况,研究了影响中跑运动员运动成绩的体能指标,包括身体形态指标、身体机能指标、运动素质指标的研究状况,以期为中跑教练员科学选材和针对运动员体能训练提供参考。     

Physiological and metabolic responses of wheelchair athletes in different racing classes to prolonged exercise

The aims of this study were to examine and compare selected physiological and metabolic responses of wheelchair athletes in two paraplegic racing classes [T3: n = 8 (lesion levels T1-T7; paraplegics); T4: n = 9 (lesion levels below T7; paraplegics)] to prolonged exercise. In addition, we describe the responses of three tetraplegic athletes [T2: n = 3 (lesion levels C6/C7: tetraplegics)]. Twenty athletes completed 90 min of exercise at 75% VO2peak on a motorized treadmill adapted for wheelchairs. The mean (+/- s) heart rates of the T3 and T4 racing classes were 165 +/- 2 and 172 +/- 6 beats.min-1, respectively. For the T4 racing class, heart rate gradually increased during the test (P < 0.05), whereas for the T3 racing class, heart rate reached a plateau after an initial increase. The mean heart rate of the tetraplegics was 114 +/- 3 beats.min-1. The T3 and T4 classes exhibited similar respiratory exchange ratios, plasma lactate and glucose concentrations throughout the test. For both the T3 and T4 racing class, free fatty acid, glycerol, ammonia, urea and potassium concentrations had increased from resting values by the end of the test (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that endurance-trained wheelchair athletes are able to maintain velocities equivalent to the same relative exercise intensity (75% VO2peak) for prolonged periods irrespective of lesion level.     

Physiological and metabolic responses of wheelchair athletes in different racing classes to prolonged exercise

The aims of this study were to examine and compare selected physiological and metabolic responses of wheelchair athletes in two paraplegic racing classes [T3: n?=?8 (lesion levels T1–T7; paraplegics); T4: n?=?9 (lesion levels below T7; paraplegics)] to prolonged exercise. In addition, we describe the responses of three tetraplegic athletes [T2: n?=?3 (lesion levels C6/C7: tetraplegics)]. Twenty athletes completed 90?min of exercise at 75% [Vdot]O_2peak on a motorized treadmill adapted for wheelchairs. The mean (±s) heart rates of the T3 and T4 racing classes were 165±2 and 172±6 beats?·?min^?1, respectively. For the T4 racing class, heart rate gradually increased during the test (P?<0.05), whereas for the T3 racing class, heart rate reached a plateau after an initial increase. The mean heart rate of the tetraplegics was 114±3 beats?·?min^?1. The T3 and T4 classes exhibited similar respiratory exchange ratios, plasma lactate and glucose concentrations throughout the test. For both the T3 and T4 racing class, free fatty acid, glycerol, ammonia, urea and potassium concentrations had increased from resting values by the end of the test (P?<0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that endurance-trained wheelchair athletes are able to maintain velocities equivalent to the same relative exercise intensity (75% [Vdot]O_2peak) for prolonged periods irrespective of lesion level.     

广东省在训和退役运动员职业技能培训体系研究

通过实地考察、专家咨询及小组讨论等多种方法,分析了广东省在训和退役运动员的基本情况以及运动员职业技能培训存在的问题,结果发现针对运动员开展职业教育十分重要.该课题提出广东省构建在训和退役运动员的职业培训体系应着重做好职业技能培训网络的建设,健全、完善职业技能培训管理机制和构建合理的职业技能培训内容体系三方面工作的建议.     

America's Cup yacht racing: Race analysis and physical characteristics of the athletes

Abstract

The America's Cup is the oldest competing trophy in sport, yet little is known of the nature and intensity of racing or the physical characteristics of the athletes. In this study, aspects of the physical demands of America's Cup yacht racing were analysed, including the intensity of exercise and activity pattern of “grinding”. Anthropometric data were collected from 92 professional male America's Cup sailors, and fitness data from a top-4 and a lower-7 ranking team during the 32nd America's Cup. Over the 135 races, mean race duration was 82 min (s = 9), with 20 tacks (s = 10) and 8 gybes (s = 3) per race. Grinding bouts were 5.5 s (s = 5.4; range: 2.2–66.3) long, with 143 exercise bouts per race and an exercise-to-rest ratio of 1:6. Mean and peak heart rate was 64% and 92% of maximum for all positions, with bowmen highest (71% and 96%). Grinders were taller, heavier, and stronger than all other positions. Body fat was similar between positions (13%, s = 4). The higher-standard team was stronger and had greater strength endurance, which probably contributed to their quicker manoeuvres. Intensity of exercise was dependent on the similarity of competing boats and the role of the athlete. The short duration and intermittent nature of grinding is indicative of predominantly anaerobic energy provision.     

Sleep and stress hormone responses to training and competition in elite female athletes

Stress hormone and sleep differences in a competition versus training setting are yet to be evaluated in elite female team-sport athletes. The aim of the current study was to evaluate salivary cortisol and perceptual stress markers during competition and training and to determine the subsequent effects on sleep indices in elite female athletes. Ten elite female netball athletes (mean?±?SD; age: 23?±?6 years) had their sleep monitored on three occasions; following one netball competition match (MATCH), one netball match simulation session (TRAIN), and one rest day (CONTROL). Perceived stress values and salivary cortisol were collected immediately pre- (17:15 pm) and post-session (19:30 pm), and at 22:00 pm. Sleep monitoring was performed using wrist actigraphy assessing total time in bed, total sleep time (TST), efficiency (SE%), latency, sleep onset time and wake time. Cortisol levels were significantly higher (p?p?p?相似文献   

十项全能运动员的选材及优化训练

男子十项全能是一项难度大、技术全面、身体素质要求高、得分较高的项目。如何选好运动员进行科学的训练，提高该项目的运动成绩，是运动训练学的一项重要课题。研究表明，应根据运动员的身体条件，通过科学选材，优化训练，合理安排运动负荷，才能充分发挥运动员的潜力，提高运动员的素质水平与技术水平。     

田径运动员力量素质训练应遵循的基本原理

通过查阅文献资料等方法 ,并结合多年的运动训练实践 ,对田径运动员力量素质训练的基本原理作了探讨与归纳 ,旨在帮助与指导田径运动员进行科学的训练 ,提高力量素质     

天津市部分大学生运动员和专业队运动员应对策略的比较研究

采用《中国运动员应对量表》,对天津市的68名大学生运动员和64名专业队运动员进行调查研究。结果表明,大学生运动员和专业队运动员在应对策略上分别以集中解决问题和集中处理情绪的直接应对为主,且在处理情绪维度上大学生运动员和专业队运动员存在显著性差异。大学生运动员的应对策略在集中处理情绪维度上存在性别差异,在遇到应激时,男大学生比女大学生运动员更加注重对情绪的处理。     

高校短跑运动员的专项技术训练

技术训练在提高高校短跑运动员专项素质与专项成绩过程中起着非常重要的作用。在短跑专项技术训练中应注意以下问题:狠抓短跑途中跑的关键技术——大小腿折叠前摆,正确、合理掌握下压扒地动作,改进后蹬技术,科学地解决形成正确技术与训练强度的矛盾。     

论优秀冰雪运动员心理素质的教育与培养

从心理素质概念的提出及构成要素、应用出发，联系冰雪运动员的实际情况，指出我国冰雪运动员心理素质匮乏的现状、提高必要性和具体执行方法。     

少儿羽毛球运动员的心理特征及其训练

注重少儿羽毛球运动员的心理训练,是培养高水平羽毛球运动员的必备条件之一.其重要性决不亚于任何技战术训练和身体素质训练.文章通过对少儿心理特点、个性心理特征、心理的一般概念进行研究,并以此为依据提出了一些有关提高羽毛球运动员心理能力的训练方法.     

三拍运动员专门化运动知觉及其训练

运动知觉是人脑对当前运动着的物体在空间和时间上位移过程的反映。空间知觉、时间知觉、运动形态知觉、运动幅度知觉以及本体感觉,贯穿到乒、羽、网击球四个环节的全过程,它们是构成三拍技术十分重要的心理因素。对击球四个环节中的运动知觉进行了分析,阐述了意识、时空、力的分化、运动表象等方面对提高三拍技术的作用,进而提出了运动知觉教育和运动感知的训练途径。     

论冰壶运动员团队合作能力的培养

根据冰壶运动竞赛规律与特点，探索和研究冰壶运动员形成良好的团队合作能力所具备的条件和培养方法，旨在提高冰壶团队竞争合力，全面提高冰壶运动竞技水平。