Travel fatigue and jet-lag

Travel across multiple time zones is a common feature of the lifestyle of contemporary international sport competitors. This entails a disruption of the body's circadian timing mechanisms. Symptoms of ‘jet-lag’ persist until circadian rhythms re-tune into local time. Exercise performance may be impaired during the period of adjustment to the new time zone. Behavioural and pharmacological strategies are available to help accelerate the resynchronization of circadian rhythms. It is recommended that sports administrators should consider the consequences of jet-lag and the time needed to overcome it when planning the international itineraries of travelling athletes.     

时差对运动员竞赛状态和机能状况影响的研究

目的:研究时差对运动员竞赛状态和机能状况的影响。方法:观察运动员样本(共16人)在进入时差环境模型前后竞赛状态和机能状况的变化并进行比较。结果:时差反应能够使运动员机能状况发生改变,竞赛状态明显下降。结论:提示运动员在跨时区参加比赛前可调整竞赛状态及机能状况,以尽快适应新的时间环境,减轻时差对运动成绩的影响。     

The stress of travel

International travel is an essential part of the life of elite athletes, both for competition and training. It is also becoming increasingly common among recreational sportspersons. Long-distance travel is associated with a group of transient negative effects, collectively referred to as 'travel fatigue', which result from anxiety about the journey, the change to an individual's daily routine, and dehydration due to time spent in the dry air of the aircraft cabin. Travel fatigue lasts for only a day or so, but for those who fly across several time zones, there are also the longer-lasting difficulties associated with 'jet lag'. The problems of jet lag can last for over a week if the flight crosses 10 time zones or more, and they can reduce performance and the motivation to train effectively. Knowledge of the properties of the body clock enables the cause of the difficulties to be understood (an unadjusted body clock), and forms the basis of using light in the new time zone to promote adjustment of the body clock. Sleep loss and its effects are important components of jet lag, and attempts to promote sleep by the use of melatonin and other hypnotics are also relevant. Sleep loss is also found in those who undertake challenges that involve long periods where the normal consolidated sleep of 8 h length is not possible. Advice on sleep regimens in such circumstances is given.     

The stress of travel

International travel is an essential part of the life of elite athletes, both for competition and training. It is also becoming increasingly common among recreational sportspersons. Long-distance travel is associated with a group of transient negative effects, collectively referred to as 'travel fatigue', which result from anxiety about the journey, the change to an individual's daily routine, and dehydration due to time spent in the dry air of the aircraft cabin. Travel fatigue lasts for only a day or so, but for those who fly across several time zones, there are also the longer-lasting difficulties associated with 'jet lag'. The problems of jet lag can last for over a week if the flight crosses 10 time zones or more, and they can reduce performance and the motivation to train effectively. Knowledge of the properties of the body clock enables the cause of the difficulties to be understood (an unadjusted body clock), and forms the basis of using light in the new time zone to promote adjustment of the body clock. Sleep loss and its effects are important components of jet lag, and attempts to promote sleep by the use of melatonin and other hypnotics are also relevant. Sleep loss is also found in those who undertake challenges that involve long periods where the normal consolidated sleep of 8 h length is not possible. Advice on sleep regimens in such circumstances is given.     

Impact of short- compared to long-haul international travel on the sleep and wellbeing of national wheelchair basketball athletes

Currently, very little is known about the impact of short- or long-haul air travel on the sleep and wellbeing of wheelchair basketball athletes. Eleven national wheelchair basketball athletes wore actigraphy monitors prior, during, and after air travel to the United Kingdom. Upon arrival, participants rated their subjective jet-lag, fatigue, and vigor. Individuals traveled to the United Kingdom from different locations in Australia, the United States, and Europe and were categorised according to travel length [LONG (up to 30.2 h) or SHORT (up to 6.5 h)]. Linear mixed models determined effects of travel length on sleep and subjective ratings of jet-lag, fatigue, and vigor. During competition, subjective fatigue and jet-lag were substantially higher (ES = 0.73; ±0.77) and (ES = 0.57; ±0.60), subjective vigor was lower (ES = 1.94; ±0.72), and get-up time was earlier (ES = 0.57; ±0.60) for LONG when compared to SHORT. Travelling greater distances by airplane had a larger effect on subjective ratings of jet-lag, fatigue and vigor, rather than sleep. Irrespective of travel group, sleep and subjective responses were compromised, reflecting the travel requirements, competition-mediated influences, and/or due to a change in environment.     

论时差与运动能力

文章以地理数理环境——时差的基本知识为出发点,讨论了运动员在赴不同经度的地区时,由于地方区时的不同而导致人体内源性节律和外源性节律的破坏,以及由此引起在到达比赛地后运动员运动能力和竞技水平下降的原因。根据人体机能和运动能力对时差反应的适应规律,探讨了不同时差与不同运动项目对其适应过程的特点。这对运动员参加跨时区国际性体育比赛时采用提前到达适应或前期模拟适应的方法来克服时差反应,提供了一定的参考依据。     

生物节律与运动表现

人体内几乎所有的生理生化过程都遵循着生物节律。对于人类而言,视交叉上核根据日出日落调节睡眠-觉醒周期和其他日常生物节律。除其他因素外,这种昼夜变化已被证明对与运动表现有关的关键生理过程具有调节作用。最佳运动状态一般出现在傍晚,与核心体温的最佳状态相一致。核心体温的升高已被证明可以提高能量代谢,改善肌肉适应性,促进肌动蛋白-肌球蛋白的交叉桥接。研究还表明,如果在运动员表现最好的时间段安排训练,可以提升运动员的训练适应性。在研究生物节律对运动表现的影响时,除了考虑昼夜变化外,个人对运动时间(白天或夜间)的偏好也是一个重要因素。经常参加国际比赛的运动员会经历生物节律的改变,这对他们的身体健康和运动表现不利。因此,那些更容易受到时差影响的运动员可以考虑使用适当的应对策略来更快地调整生物节律,确保最佳竞技状态。     

南拳套路旋风脚540°接单碟步的分析与研究

新版武术竞赛规则的修改实施,使武术套路比赛更加具有竞技性、可比性、观赏性,在武术比赛中指定高难度动作已成为整个套路的核心,其完成的好坏直接影响着运动员的成绩。文章运用资料统计法、问卷调查法、访谈法分析研究了竞技武术套路比赛中运动员难度动作的完成情况,结合长期教学与训练的经验,指出竞技武术南拳套路比赛中难度动作发挥水平的高低是高水平运动员竞争的要点。现代武术运动竞赛的特点是运动员之间的技术水平比较接近,因此竞争更加激烈。在紧张、激烈的比赛中,各运动队要根据各运动员的难度动作薄弱环节,通过科学调控有效地进行大运动量高强度训练,使运动员在比赛时能产生最佳模式,建立固定动作量化指标。同时要科学合理地进行心理训练,形成适宜比赛的良好心理定势,就一定能在武术套路比赛的群雄逐鹿中,立于不败之地。     

优秀运动员比赛最佳心理状态的培养

最佳比赛心理状态是指运动员在比赛的外环境和身心综合状态的内环境下,竞技心理能力最大程度的发挥状态。"破釜沉舟""背水一战""置之死地而后生"……这些耳熟能详的成语和源于实践的经验都说明:优秀运动员参加重大比赛的最佳竞技心理状态是可以被挖掘的,即潜能是被"逼"出来的。那么,如何有效培养优秀运动员参加重大比赛的最佳心理状态呢?一、为何要"逼"出比赛最佳心理状态一般来讲,运动员参加奥运会等重大比赛的社会关注、重要他人期望及自我重视程度都非同寻常。赛前,运动员将     

Dietary supplements

For the athlete training hard, nutritional supplements are often seen as promoting adaptations to training, allowing more consistent and intensive training by promoting recovery between training sessions, reducing interruptions to training because of illness or injury, and enhancing competitive performance. Surveys show that the prevalence of supplement use is widespread among sportsmen and women, but the use of few of these products is supported by a sound research base and some may even be harmful to the athlete. Special sports foods, including energy bars and sports drinks, have a real role to play, and some protein supplements and meal replacements may also be useful in some circumstances. Where there is a demonstrated deficiency of an essential nutrient, an increased intake from food or from supplementation may help, but many athletes ignore the need for caution in supplement use and take supplements in doses that are not necessary or may even be harmful. Some supplements do offer the prospect of improved performance; these include creatine, caffeine, bicarbonate and, perhaps, a very few others. There is no evidence that prohormones such as androstenedione are effective in enhancing muscle mass or strength, and these prohormones may result in negative health consequences, as well as positive drug tests. Contamination of supplements that may cause an athlete to fail a doping test is widespread.     

Dietary supplements

For the athlete training hard, nutritional supplements are often seen as promoting adaptations to training, allowing more consistent and intensive training by promoting recovery between training sessions, reducing interruptions to training because of illness or injury, and enhancing competitive performance. Surveys show that the prevalence of supplement use is widespread among sportsmen and women, but the use of few of these products is supported by a sound research base and some may even be harmful to the athlete. Special sports foods, including energy bars and sports drinks, have a real role to play, and some protein supplements and meal replacements may also be useful in some circumstances. Where there is a demonstrated deficiency of an essential nutrient, an increased intake from food or from supplementation may help, but many athletes ignore the need for caution in supplement use and take supplements in doses that are not necessary or may even be harmful. Some supplements do offer the prospect of improved performance; these include creatine, caffeine, bicarbonate and, perhaps, a very few others. There is no evidence that prohormones such as androstenedione are effective in enhancing muscle mass or strength, and these prohormones may result in negative health consequences, as well as positive drug tests. Contamination of supplements that may cause an athlete to fail a doping test is widespread.     

最佳运动成绩与训练过程若干关系的综合分析

获取最佳运动成绩是运动员训练的最终目标。最佳成绩的取得、提高及维持都需要通过训练过程来实现。训练过程是运动员具有的潜在能力向现实竞技水平转化的时间和空间载体。运动员竞技能力水平的不断发展和训练水平相对滞后这一对矛盾的存在与不断破立,推动着训练过程不断由低级向高级发展。训练过程空间性的特征反映了竞技能力动态平衡的重要性。运动训练中运动员最佳竞技状态的时间越长,最佳运动成绩出现的机率最大。在训练过程中要以最佳成绩为导向,科学规划训练过程。探索最佳成绩出现的特征,推动训练过程发展创造最佳成绩。     

影响竞技健美操运动员操化技术能力的因素

分析了影响竞技健美操运动员操化技术的相关因素,其中,力(力度)、难(复杂多变)、新(新颖)、美(美感)、高(强度)是影响竞技健美操综合操化能力的5个重要的因素,且认同度高,可作为竞技健美操运动员操化技术训练的参考依据.     

The use of dietary supplements by athletes

Many athletes use dietary supplements as part of their regular training or competition routine, including about 85% of elite track and field athletes. Supplements commonly used include vitamins, minerals, protein, creatine, and various "ergogenic" compounds. These supplements are often used without a full understanding or evaluation of the potential benefits and risks associated with their use, and without consultation with a sports nutrition professional. A few supplements may be helpful to athletes in specific circumstances, especially where food intake or food choice is restricted. Vitamin and mineral supplements should be used only when a food-based solution is not available. Sports drinks, energy bars, and protein-carbohydrate shakes may all be useful and convenient at specific times. There are well-documented roles for creatine, caffeine, and alkalinizing agents in enhancing performance in high-intensity exercise, although much of the evidence does not relate to specific athletic events. There are potential costs associated with all dietary supplements, including the risk of a positive doping result as a consequence of the presence of prohibited substances that are not declared on the label.     

Circadian variation and soccer performance: implications for training and match-play during Ramadan

Ramadan results in a number of behavioural alterations in individuals when compared to their normal habits outside of this holy month. These changes in behaviour could impact upon the effectiveness of the activity of an elite athlete who has high daily activity levels and energy expenditures. Understanding the true impact of Ramadan on human physiology will also require an awareness of the key aspects of circadian rhythms. This article will present theoretical background content on circadian rhythms along with data on the potential influence of circadian variation on soccer performance. It will also attempt to provide an insight into the problems of partial sleep deprivation and travel for the elite player. The contents will suggest that there is a basis for the within-day variation in physiological and psychological function to impact soccer performance if games are played early in the day or very late at night. As competitive fixtures are uncommon at these times these influences may be more relevant to the timing and organisation of training sessions. It is also likely that a lack of sleep and excessive travel will provide conditions that are not conducive to optimal performance. This would indicate that teams should think carefully about their preparation strategies for important tournaments and games.     

冰雪体育集体项目运动员“亮剑”精神的培育

竞技体育比赛已经进入了一个全新的多维竞技时代,它不仅要求运动员具备精湛的技战术水平和上佳的心理状态,更需要运动员具备坚韧的意志力和战斗力,特别是对于冰球、冰壶等集体项目的运动员来说,过硬的战斗意志力以及善于团结协作的合作精神,成为每一个运动队面对强大对手时克敌制胜的不可或缺的法宝之一。对“亮剑”精神在竞技体育中的具体体现进行分析,总结出强化运动员思想教育,树立正确的人生观、世界观,加强文化知识学习,提高运动员文化智力水平,将“亮剑”精神渗透在日常训练和比赛之中,注重教练员的言传身教,感染、激发运动员比赛士气以及营造良好氛围,创建和谐、健康运动队环境等培养运动员“亮剑”精神的途径和手段,以保证运动员竞技水平在竞赛中得以充分甚至超常的发挥,对夺取比赛的胜利意义重大。     

新规则的实施对浙江省高职院校武术训练的影响及对策研究

浙江省大学生体协从2009年起在武术套路竞赛中实行新规则,对长拳类项目难度进行评分,长拳类套路内容发生较大变化,训练强度随之增加。新规则一方面推动了高校武术竞技水平的提高和技术的规范化,另一方面也出现了"训练者无缘比赛,比赛者不训练"以及竞赛项目人数分布不均衡等现象。高职院校武术运动员在学校期间一般只能参加一次比赛,技术水平无法通过比赛得到积累提高,同时业余训练的不定时性和断断续续的特点使以难度为核心的武术训练产生很多困难。     

我国女子蹦床运动员感知觉能力与竞技水平关系研究

运用文献资料、问卷调查、专家访谈、心理测量、数理统计等研究方法,对参加2004年全国蹦床锦标赛的51名女子运动员的感知觉能力与竞技水平关系进行了研究和分析。研究结果表明:国际健将和健将两级别运动员的感知觉能力基本处于同一个水平,这与他们处于相近的技术水平有关;高水平和较高水平运动员在平衡觉、用力准确性、简单反应时和时空判断值等指标上普遍好于较低和低水平运动员,这说明部分感知觉能力与运动员的竞技水平有着相互促进的关系;选择反应时的测试结果与运动员的竞技水平没有表现出一致性,反映出低水平运动员心理的不成熟与不稳定,这是影响运动员技术水平的因素之一。建议教练员在运动员不同的训练阶段,有针对性地进行心理和技术练习,以更好地把握训练方向。     

"超量恢复"方法在中长跑短训中的运用

普通高等院校参加省级运动会,比赛前临时组队,队伍训练的时间短,运动水平较低,身体素质较差,又要在短时期内出成绩,难度较大.在这种情况下,对中长跑运动员采用"超量恢复"的训练方法,采用大强度超负荷训练方法,在短期内提高身体的承受能力和适应能力,再通过积极的适当恢复,进入良好的竞技状态,比赛时就能取得较好的成绩.     

我国射击运动员面临的出国参赛环境及其应对措施

运用访谈调查、问卷调查、追踪测试等研究方法，对影响我国射击运动员出国参赛环境的因 素及其应对措施进行了研究，针对第２７届奥运会这一具体赛事的参赛环境进行了探讨。研究 结论：１）我国射击运动员出国参赛所面临的环境因素既包括促进成绩发挥的环境因素，也有 不利于成绩发挥的环境因素。２）我国射击运动员出国参赛所面临的主要不利环境因素有：靶 场条件（场地、设备、光线及背景，尤其是赛场的风）、气候、时差、旅途／交通及饮食。３ ）针对不利环境因素，应采取的应对措施是：以培养运动员的积极心态为指导思想，以模拟 训练、认知调节、信息回避法（与注意指向训练相结合）为具体的调节手段。４）我国射击运 动员参加第２７届奥运会可能面临的不利参赛环境因素有：时差与飞行时间、过强的紫外线、 赛场气氛、靶场条件等。５）从国家射击队对第２７届奥运会参赛环境及其应对措施的反馈来看 ，本研究对于第２７届奥运会所面临的不利参赛环境因素的预测及所提出的应对措施是有效的 。