高考方案：考试方式与计分方式

本文讨论了国际上若干典型的高考方案,从高考方案中校内评定和统一考试所占比重、高考分数是否经过校准两个角度给所述高考方案进行定位。比较和分析这些典型的高考方案,可以为国内的高考方案提供改革思路:改革高考计分方式势在必行,有选考科目的高考方案需要对考试分数进行校准。     

Policy promise and the reality of community involvement in school-based management in Zambia: Can the rural poor hold schools and teachers to account?

Community participation in school management—and in hiring and firing of teachers in particular—has been actively advocated as an effective reform to improve school and teacher accountability in the Global South. This paper examines whether such reform functions in practice as suggested in theory, drawing on the findings of a case study of community schools in rural Zambia. Using the concept of the ‘context of practice’, efforts have been made to understand the local meanings of community participation in school management rather than that of the central government or development partners. Such analysis illuminates the important roles that local economic and cultural capital, complex cultural norms and unexpected micro politics play in shaping the way parents and communities are actually willing and able to participate in school management, and how these issues influence school and teacher accountability. The findings also underscore the difficulty that teachers face when attempting to respond to the local demands, especially in the context of grossly inadequate resources being allocated to them by the state. The paper concludes by arguing, first, that community management of schools in Zambia was an unfunded and unclear policy that shifted financial responsibility to already marginalized rural communities and, second, that direct hiring relationships between parents and teachers will dilute the importance of the political accountability of the state to ensure quality education for all.     

What’s the point of moderation? A discussion of the purposes achieved through contemporary moderation practices

An increasingly regulated higher education sector is renewing its attention to those activities referred to as ‘moderation’ in its efforts to ensure that judgements of student achievement are based on appropriate standards. Moderation practices conducted throughout the assessment process can result in purposes identified as equity, justification, accountability and community building. This paper draws on the limited studies of moderation and wider relevant research on judgement, standards and professional learning to test commonly used moderation practices against these identified purposes. The paper concludes with recommendations for maximising the potential of moderation practices to establish and maintain achievement standards.     

Variability of creativity judgments

The Consensual Assessment Technique (CAT), developed by Amabile [Amabile, T.M. (1982). Social psychology of creativity: A consensual assessment technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 997–1013], is frequently used to evaluate the creativity of productions. Judgments obtained with CAT are usually reliable and valid. However, notable individual differences in judgment exist. This empirical study shows that creativity judgments for advertisements vary, depending on (1) the level of two underlying components of creativity — originality and appropriateness, (2) the creative ability of the judges, i.e. variations in their ability to be original, and finally, (3) instructions or training that they received about the topic of creativity assessment. Effects of advertisements' appropriateness and judges' ability to be original on individual differences in creativity judgments are discussed.     

我国高中校本学生评价的现状及改进策略研究

随着国外校本管理思想的促进以及教育变革的积极推动与学校办学自主权的不断扩大,评价与考试制度的改革,尤其是校本学生评价得到了广泛的重视。我国校本学生评价在理论与实践层面都有一定的发展,但也存在着偏离评价轨道、教师评价素养缺乏等问题。建议加快校本学生评价的法制化进程,制定并完善学校评价制度,提升教师评价专业素养,建立科学有序的监督机制,构建和谐的校内外评价关系。     

Exploring the role of assessment criteria during teachers’ collaborative judgement processes of students’ portfolios

Student portfolios are increasingly used for assessing student competences in higher education, but results about the construct validity of portfolio assessment are mixed. A prerequisite for construct validity is that the portfolio assessment is based on relevant portfolio content. Assessment criteria, are often used to enhance this condition. This study aims to identify whether assessment criteria can improve content, argumentation and communication during teacher moderation while judging student portfolios. Six teachers scored 32 student portfolios in dyads with and without assessment criteria. Their judgement processes were qualitatively analysed. Results indicated that the quality of their judgement processes was low, since teachers based their judgements mainly on their own personal opinion and less on evidence found in the portfolio. Teachers barely paid attention to quality checks and easily agreed with each other. When teachers used assessment criteria, the quality of their judgements slightly improved. They based their judgements more on relevant evidence, used less personal experiences and more often checked the quality of their judgement processes. It is concluded that the quality of teacher portfolio judgement is low, and that the use of assessment criteria can enhance its quality.     

美国《国家科学教育标准》倡导的课堂评价

美国《国家科学教育标准》倡导在课堂教学中实施形成性评价,形成性评价的一般模式,师生均需明确的问题:学生想达到什么目标?学生现在所处的是什么位置?如何能够达到目标?评价要遵循平等原则、有效性原则和可靠性原则。评价的重点要转向最被重视的内容、\"活性\"知识、科学理解力和推理能力、学生的进步和成绩及学习机会、学生自我评价以及教师参与外部评价。课堂评价还需要着力避免走进误区。     

民事诉讼中私录视听资料的证据能力研究

视听资料在我国是一种独立的证据种类,它对于民事案件的审判具有其他证据无法替代的优越性,我国关于视听资料证据力的认定经历了一个比较长期的发展过程,但由于其本身又具有易于伪造和篡改的缺陷,使得私自录制的视听资料的证据能力难以判断,视听资料在司法实践中的采信规则亦难以把握。本文拟对此方面的问题作一些初步的探讨,为我国今后的证据立法作一些理论上的准备。     

校本课程开发失当及其矫正

校本课程开发是基础教育课程改革的亮点,同时也是一个难点。越来越多的学校开始了校本课程开发工作,然而在具体的实践和操作中,仍有部分学校和教师对校本课程开发存在认识不清的问题,从而导致了一些认识和行动上的偏差。为了使新课程改革顺利实施,我们应对这些“失当行为”来一次正本清源,以保证校本课程的开发能有效、有序地进行。     

农村中小学《体育与健康》校本课程开发研究

在对《体育与健康》校本课程开发概念进行界定的基础上,对《体育与健康》校本课程开发的影响因素进行了探讨,以期为各个学校进行《体育与健康》校本课程开发提供理论参考.