普惠学习，标准为先——联合国教科文组织学习指标体系述要

联合国教科文组织“学习指标体系特别工作组”研究发布普惠学习指标体系三份关联报告,目的在于研制国际通用的教育目标或者学习结果标准,以便于坚定稳步地迈向实现普惠学习与全民教育的愿景。普惠学习指标体系分为学前教育、小学教育和中学教育三个时期,涉及到身体健康、社交与情绪、文化与艺术、读写与沟通、主动学习与认知、数字与数学、科学与技术7个领域,具体描述了每一领域的具体学习指标和总体要求,为在全球范围内衡量普惠学习结果和推进全民教育提供了总体框架与国际视野。其价值在于帮助世界各国政府部门、教育事业的工作者、社会人士、家长、用人单位等深入对话创造了前提——坚信“普惠学习”理念,坚信“标准为先”价值,开辟“学校转型”通路,争取“全球评估”落地。     

Teachers learning how to learn

School pupils learning how to learn (LHTL), aimed at helping them develop learning autonomy, requires teachers to develop new classroom practices. Hence teachers LHTL is equally important. The TLRP ‘Learning How to Learn in Classrooms, Schools and Networks’ project researched how practices were developed by teachers in 40 primary and secondary schools in England. Quantitative data were collected using teacher and pupil questionnaires, and qualitative data came from interviews with head teachers, school project co-ordinators and a sub-sample of classroom teachers. Some teachers were also observed and video-recorded. External constraints made it difficult for teachers to promote pupils' learning autonomy, unless they fundamentally changed the nature of classroom tasks and climate. A key factor was teachers' own engagement in collaborative classroom-focused inquiry. However, to be successful, this needed to be supported by school management and leadership. There were strong statistical relationships between school policy, teachers' professional learning and their capacity to promote learning autonomy in their pupils. Teacher learning through networking within their schools, and with other teachers in other schools, was also shown to be important.     

教育评价改革的关键是提高评价的专业性

《深化新时代教育评价改革总体方案》涉及根本性的制度及范式变革,改革成功的关键在于切实整顿行政化评价活动,整体提高教育评价的专业性。一是要认清教育评价现实问题,强化评价改革行动自觉;二是要把握评价改革核心要义,确立评价改革正确导向;三是要围绕评价改革根本聚焦,提升教育评价专业能力。     

从关于学习的评价到为了学习的评价

为了学习的评价近些年来在评价研究和实践中日益被广泛接受。本文介绍了为了学习的评价的基本概念、应用为了学习的评价的主要策略和原则,并将其与关于学习的评价进行了比较。通过将剑桥评价和CTB的两个为了学习的评价的产品作为例证,作者建议专业化考试机构应该在关于学习的评价之外推进为了学习的评价以服务于教育。     

Parents’ beliefs about assessment: A conceptual framework and findings from Finnish basic education

The viewpoint of parents has been scarcely studied in classroom assessment research. We address this research gap by examining parents’ beliefs about assessment in the context of Finnish basic education (grades 1–9). A socioculturally oriented framework is developed to study the beliefs of parents. With this newly formulated framework, we qualitatively analyse parents' open-ended responses based a large-scale questionnaire study (N = 622). Our findings show that in the low-stakes assessment culture of Finland, parents largely framed assessment through a pedagogical conception that reflects the learning purposes of assessment. A societal conception of assessment was also strongly present, as parents believed that assessment should produce numerical data for the purposes of measurement and comparison. As a major contribution of this study, a six-dimensional conceptual framework for analyzing parents’ beliefs about classroom assessment is formulated and tested.     

形成性评价及终结性评价:前景与问题——教师的角度

\"形成性评价\"一直是教育者关注的概念。它引导教师可以不断收集对学习产生积极影响的证据,并根据这些证据开展创新性的教学实践。其结果不但在很大程度上改善了教与学的成果,而且使得教师在教学中的角色也有很大转变。本文按照\"对话互动\"及\"学习合作\"两个类别对形成性评价在实践中的多种形式进行讨论。在分析形成性评价的基本原则基础上,讨论目前教师在开展形成性评价过程中面临的问题。     

Inquiring into children’s experiences of teacher feedback: reconceptualising Assessment for Learning

Few previous studies have explored in detail how children respond affectively and cognitively to feedback in the normal interactions of the primary school classroom and how they relate feedback to their sense of autonomy. This paper reports on a longitudinal study of nine ‘profile’ children aged 9 to 10 years in a UK school. They were observed and video-filmed in threes, twos or individually during literacy and numeracy lessons across two terms from January to July 2010. The video-recordings were shown later the same day to the children who had been filmed, being stopped at frequent intervals to allow the participants to comment on specific feedback incidents. The children claimed that learning was frustrated by overly directive feedback and that their learning benefited when the teacher’s feedback included substantial but not burdensome detail. The children felt their learning was supported by feedback reminder cues and they noticed that negative and positive feedback provoked emotions which could interfere with or support learning. The article concludes by suggesting that Assessment for Learning might be conceptualised as a classroom conversation in which children as well as teachers assess how teacher feedback relates to children’s learning, which would itself constitute a major contribution to their autonomous learning.     

Teacher education in Scotland – riding out the recession?

Background: Teacher education in Scotland has developed its own trajectory for many years and this distinctiveness appears to have increased since the creation of the Scottish Parliament in 1999. Teachers' pay and conditions were addressed in 2001 by the agreement A teaching profession for the 21st century. This agreement led to a number of innovations in teacher education and development. More recently, there has been a report of the Review of Teacher Education in Scotland by Graham Donaldson and a committee is currently reviewing teachers' pay and conditions.

Purpose: This article examines the extent to which the development of teacher education in Scotland has been affected by the global financial crisis and its impact on the provision of public services. Three policy contexts are explored in turn, those of politics and economics, education and teacher education, so that the analysis moves from the wider societal perspective towards the specifics of teacher education.

Sources of evidence: The article draws on a close analysis of relevant policy documents, including those produced by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Scottish Government and the General Teaching Council for Scotland. Additionally reference is made where appropriate to a wide range of published research and to reports such as the Review of Teacher Education in Scotland.

Main argument: The ways in which teacher education policy in Scotland is developing is a result of the interaction between history, culture and politics played out at a national level under the wider influence of UK, European and global affairs, both economic and political. There are real tensions in the current conjunction of policies and trends, which create major challenges for all those involved. The promotion of career-long professional learning and enhanced school autonomy proceed alongside the review of teachers' professional conditions (McCormac Review), high levels of intermittent employment among new teachers, fluctuations in student numbers and staffing in university Schools of Education, and contracting resource to support school-level curriculum development and continuing professional development. The social partnership achieved between employers and practitioners is under increasing strain; and relations of partnership between universities and schools are subject to increasing critical scrutiny. Teaching in a time of crisis creates new challenges, and the need for innovative approaches to enduring challenges, in the short and longer term.

Conclusions: The longstanding commitment to explicit values in Scottish culture and education is all the more important in a context where pressures for accountability and efficiency are greater than ever.     

Turning the tide: creating Professional Learning Communities (PLC) to improve teaching practice and learning in South African public schools

Abstract

Poor learner performance in South African schools raises concerns related to lack of commitment and accountability from school leaders and teachers with no common vision to promote a culture of high learner performance. This paper provides a literature overview of research available on the impact of professional learning communities (PLC) on effective teaching and practices to promote higher levels of learning amongst students; the nature of PLCs; their essential characteristics, developmental stages and challenges; and an assessment of the benefits of PLC in schools and the challenges of PLC from other researchers’ observations. PLCs are necessary to encourage collaborative teamwork on essential outcomes and intervention activities in learning. Finally, I conclude by exploring how South African schools can benefit from the practices of professional learning communities which endeavour to improve teaching practices and poor learner achievement.     

美国2010年全国教育进展评估述评

全国教育进展评估是美国最具有代表性的、持续性的教育质量评估,它对中小学生各学科知识和技能掌握情况进行测评。2010年美国全国教育进展评估的学科包括历史、地理和公民学,评估的结果为我们了解这三个学科的学习状况提供了重要的依据。而对此次评估的具体分析阐述也为我们评析美国全国教育进展评估的优点和不足提供了依据。     

教育评价新趋向：智能化测评研究综述

教育评价改革在我国受到了前所未有的重视,然而受限于传统测评手段,个性化评价和过程性评价难以得到有效实现,教育评价改革需要新型的测评技术作为支撑。计算机技术与人工智能的发展为测评领域注入了新的活力,推动了智能化测评的产生,为我国教育评价改革提供了新的解决方案。目前,智能化测评已经在学生能力和知识水平评估、人格与心理健康评估以及教学过程评估等方面取得进展：（1）学生能力和知识水平评估突破纸笔测验的局限,转向过程性评价、综合能力评价和动态性评价;（2）人格与心理健康评估摆脱了对自陈量表法的依赖,依据多模态数据有望实现无痕式和伴随式评估;（3）智能分析技术助力教学反馈,使教学过程评估更加直接、便捷和精准。智能化测评对教育评价改革起到了重要促进作用,但在多模态数据应用、模型的针对性、精细化、准确性与可解释性以及信效度检验等多个方面仍然存在问题。后续需探索多模态数据的协同分析,在权衡模型的准确性和可解释性基础上,提高模型的针对性和精细化,打通信息科学与测评领域的学科壁垒,确保模型可实用、可泛化和可扩展。     

National Board Certification and Teacher Effectiveness: Evidence From Washington State

ABSTRACT

We study the effectiveness of teachers certified by the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) in Washington State, which has one of the largest populations of National Board-Certified Teachers (NBCTs) in the nation. Based on value-added models in math and reading, we find that NBPTS-certified teachers are about 0.01–0.05 student standard deviations more effective than non-NBCTS with similar levels of experience. Certification effects vary by subject, grade level, and certification type, with greater effects for middle school math certificates. We find mixed evidence that teachers who pass the assessment are more effective than those who fail, but that the underlying NBPTS assessment score predicts student achievement.     

Promoting professional growth in new teacher evaluation systems: Practitioners’ lived experiences in changing policy contexts

International recognition of the teacher’s role in student learning has increased attention to teacher quality and evaluation. In the U.S., policy has relaxed requirements for using student outcomes and granted more flexibility to evaluate teachers in ways that ostensibly improve instructional practice and student learning. This exploratory single case study examined the perceptions of practitioners at one high school in a large, suburban district during the implementation of a new evaluation system posited as focused on teacher support and growth. Findings suggest teachers and administrators appreciated the emphasis on communication. However, tensions inherent to the conflation of evaluation and support created challenges. These included distrust of policymaker motives, complexity of the model, technical challenges to implementation, time constraints, and teachers’ need for additional support. Practitioners’ lived experiences can inform policymakers reconsidering how and to what extent evaluation systems tied to accountability can meaningfully impact teacher professional growth and student learning.     

Teaching thinking on a national scale: Israel's pedagogical horizons

Like other countries, Israel had its share of projects that see the implementation of inquiry and higher order thinking in schools as their main goal. However, although many of these projects were quite successful, they did not succeed in changing the bulk of teaching and learning in Israeli schools. This article describes a new national educational policy called “Pedagogical Horizons for Learning”. The goal of this policy is to move the whole educational system towards a focus on higher order thinking and deep understanding. Such a move must consider the knowledge gained from previous projects but it must also lean on strategies for implementing systemic educational change. Implementing the goals of the “Pedagogical Horizons for Learning” on a national scale requires simultaneous work on three-dimensions: (a) curriculum, learning materials and standards; (b) professional development; and (c) assessment. The article outlines the plan for each of these three-dimensions and provides some accounts of the first stages of the implementation process.     

Higher education teachers’ professional learning: Process and outcome

In this paper, we first offer an analytic perspective on the papers in this volume, framing our discussion within the context of academic development as a discipline and highlighting common lines that cut across the nine contributions. We then offer insights about the current state of research on the evaluation of academic development and suggest directions that are likely to advance our theoretical and empirical knowledge in this area and anchor us firmly in evidence-based practice. We suggest that clarifying the mechanisms of change when professional learning occurs and measuring the changes in student learning outcomes that are associated with professional learning are important avenues for future research.