A golden decade for ocean science (2021–2030): from knowledge to solutions and actions

‘It is planning, it is science, it is management, and it is a huge change of human relations with the ocean.’ As introduced by Dr Vladimir Ryabinin, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) Executive Secretary and Assistant Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (the Decade, 2021–2030) got underway this January.To echo that, on 14 January 2021, a Special Forum on the Decade was held in hybrid mode as part of the Fifth Xiamen Symposium on Marine Environmental Science (XMAS-V) in Xiamen University, China. The Forum was organized to promote the Decade through insightful talks and in-depth discussions with international and regional representatives who have been actively involved in the planning of the Decade. In addition to Dr Ryabinin, Zhanhai Zhang, Chief Engineer of the Ministry of Natural Resources of China, gave an inspiring opening speech. What followed were presentations by invited speakers. They then joined a panel discussion chaired by Dr Minhan Dai from Xiamen University. This article is edited and re-organized from the record of this Special Forum.Open in a separate windowPanellists. First row from left to right: Brandon Justin Bethel (PhD Student of Marine Meteorology at Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, China), Fei Chai (Professor at University of Maine, USA), Karen Evans (Principal Research Scientist of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Oceans and Atmosphere, Australia), and Fangli Qiao (Senior Scientist at the First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, China). Second row from left to right: Martin Visbeck (Professor and Head of Research Unit, Physical Oceanography at GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany), Wenxi Zhu (Head and Programme Specialist of IOC Sub-Commission for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC)), and Minhan Dai (Chair, Professor and Director of the State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, China)     

西藏波密古乡地区的主要植物群落及其垂直分布

    本文讨论了西藏波密古乡地区的主要植物群落及其垂直分布。     1．根据小带间植物种类相似系数情况，将波密古乡地区南、北坡划成八个植物垂直带     (图1)。        2．描述了七个不同性质的植物群落。各群落分布与水热条件之间的相互关系如图2所     示。    3．由于不同水热条件的影响，各植被带间在植物种数上的差异是比较显著的(表3)。     

小檗科八角莲属和桃儿七属(新属)的研究

 1.  A classification is made on seven species of the genus Dysosma, of which four are proposed as new combinations, and one as new species.      2.  The pollens of six species in the genus Dysosma and two species of Podophyl- lum are examined.  Morphologically, the Asiatic. P. emodi is radically distinct from the North American P. peltatum and can be separated from Podophyllum as an indepen- dent genus-Sinopodophyllum.      3.  The trend of evolution in Dysosma  (fig. 2)and its relationships with the genera Sinopodophyllum and podophyllum are discussed.      4.  Based on the evidence from an analysis of the  ecology  and  geographical distribution of the component species (fig. 3), the problem of the centre of develop- ment of the genus Dysosma has been discussed.         

中国罗汉果植物染色体数目观察

A cytological study reveals the chromosome number of 2n=28 for Siraitia grosvenori (Swingle) C. Jeffrey ex Lu et Z. Y. Zhang from Yongfu County,  Guangxi  (fig. 1), which is different from the previous report of 2n=24 (Zou Qi-li et al. 1980).  The vou- cher is deposited in the herbarium of Commission for Integrated Survey of Natural Resources,Academia Sinica.     

贵州梵净山水青冈林在地理分布上的意义

 In this paper, the distribution of three species of beech forests, regarding their position on differently facing slopas and at different elevations, as well as their pollen distribution, on Fanching Shan situated in  Kweichow  Province  in  South-eastern China is discussed.      It is the fact that (1) Being affected by the air currents of the Pacific Monsoon, and by its own topographic variation, the difference between the north and south slopes in its eastern and western flanks reflected on the plant communities by the humidity-warmth relationships (fig. 2, 3; tab. 2, 3, 4). (2) The patterns of the hori- zontal distribution of three species in China show that Fagus engleriana has a northern-most range, F. longipetiolata the southern-most range, while F. lucida is intermediate between them (fig. 5). (3) From the palynological analysis of the soil layers, the waxing and waning of the different tendencies of Fagus spp. on different slopes are rather prominent.      The discussion is made mainly as follows.  The relationship between the state of growth and humidity-warmth conditions is shown (fig. 6).  In accordance with the conditions of the vertical, horizonal and palynological distribution of beeches, we have tried to present a figure (fig. 7) which shows the waxing and waning tendencies of three species of Fagus historically, with respect to different slopes.  The southern slope of western flank (Ws) is now in a state moderate growth of Fagus longipetio- lata; in the past, there had been a period which saw this beech enjoying a gradual increase, but later on it began to wane till it reaches the present state.  The Wn slope had seen a gradual increase of Fagus lucida in the historical time (at the same time there was an accompanying slow increase of F. longipetiolata), till a certain period when the total number of beech pollen grains decreases gradually in the analysis; this is followed again by a slight increase, the last increase is apparently due to the fact that in spite of the decrease of F. lucida, there was a great increase in F. longi- petiolata.  The two effects combine to make the line of curve to lower rather than to rise.  The Es slope has in its historical past a period when beeches were favoured with a steady increase, and this tendency is apparently still in progress today, although it is approaching its culmination.  The En slope had seen Fagus engleriana in a slowly receding tendency, and sees it now almost in the process of being eli- minated, to be replaced by F. lucida.  Through the explanation given above, we have thereby an understanding about the relationship between the climatic changes in the historical time and the waxing and waning of the different beeches in both time andspace.     

Water transport to the core–mantle boundary

Water is transported to Earth''s interior in lithospheric slabs at subduction zones. Shallow dehydration fuels hydrous island arc magmatism but some water is transported deeper in cool slab mantle. Further dehydration at ∼700 km may limit deeper transport but hydrated phases in slab crust have considerable capacity for transporting water to the core-mantle boundary. Quantifying how much remains the challenge.

Water can have remarkable effects when exposed to rocks at high pressures and temperatures. It can form new minerals with unique properties and often profoundly affects the physical, transport and rheological properties of nominally anhydrous mantle minerals. It has the ability to drastically reduce the melting point of mantle rocks to produce inviscid and reactive melts, often with extreme chemical flavors, and these melts can alter surrounding mantle with potential long-term geochemical consequences. At the base of the mantle, water can react with core iron to produce a super-oxidized and hydrated phase, FeO₂H_x, with the potential to profoundly alter the mantle and even the surface and atmosphere redox state, but only if enough water can reach such depths [1].Current estimates for bulk mantle water content based on the average H₂O/Ce ratio of oceanic basalts from melt inclusions and the most un-degassed basalts, coupled with mass balance constraints for Ce, indicate a fraction under one ocean mass [2], a robust estimate as long as the basalts sampled at the surface tap all mantle reservoirs. The mantle likely contains some primordial water but given that the post-accretion Earth was very hot, water has low solubility and readily degasses from magma at low pressures, and its solubility in crystallizing liquidus minerals is also very low, the mantle just after accretion may have been relatively dry. Thus, it is plausible that most or even all of the water in the current mantle is ‘recycled’, added primarily by subduction of hydrated lithospheric plates. If transport of water to the core–mantle boundary is an important geological process with planet-scale implications, then surface water incorporated into subducting slabs and transported to the core–mantle boundary may be a requirement.Water is added to the basaltic oceanic crust and peridotitic mantle in lithospheric plates (hereafter, slab crust and slab mantle, respectively) at mid-ocean ridges, at transform faults, and in bending faults formed at the outer rise prior to subduction [3]. Estimates vary but about 1 × 10¹² kg of water is currently subducted each year into the mantle [4], and at this rate roughly 2–3 ocean masses could have been added to the mantle since subduction began. However, much of this water is returned to the surface through hydrous magmatism at convergent margins, which itself is a response to slab dehydration in an initial, and large, release of water. Meta-basalt and meta-sediments comprising the slab crust lose their water very efficiently beneath the volcanic front because most slab crust geotherms cross mineral dehydration or melting reactions at depths of less than 150 km, and even if some water remains stored in minerals like lawsonite in cooler slabs, nearly complete dehydration is expected by ∼300 km [5].Peridotitic slab mantle may have much greater potential to deliver water deeper into the interior. As shown in Fig. 1a, an initial pulse of dehydration of slab mantle occurs at depths less than ∼200 km in warmer slabs, controlled primarily by breakdown of chlorite and antigorite when slab-therms cross a deep ‘trough’, sometimes referred to as a ‘choke point’, along the dehydration curve (Fig. 1a) [6]. But the slab mantle in cooler subduction zones can skirt beneath the dehydration reactions, and antigorite can transform directly to the hydrated alphabet silicate phases (Phases A, E, superhydrous B, D), delivering perhaps as much as 5 wt% water in locally hydrated regions (e.g. deep faults and fractures in the lithosphere) to transition zone depths [6]. Estimates based on mineral phase relations in the slab crust and the slab mantle coupled with subduction zone thermal models suggest that as much as 30% of subducted water may have been transported past the sub-volcanic dehydration front and into the deeper mantle [4], although this depends on the depth and extent of deep hydration of the slab mantle, which is poorly constrained. Coincidentally, this also amounts to about one ocean mass if water subduction rates have been roughly constant since subduction began, a figure tantalizingly close to the estimated mantle water content based on geochemical arguments [2]. But what is the likely fate of water in the slab mantle in the transition zone and beyond?Open in a separate windowFigure 1.(a) Schematic phase relations in meta-peridotite modified after [6,10,12]. Slab geotherms are after those in [4]. Cold slabs may transport as much as 5 wt% water past ‘choke point 1’ in locally hydrated regions of the slab mantle, whereas slab mantle is dehydrated in warmer slabs. Colder slab mantle that can transport water into the transition zone will undergo dehydration at ‘choke point 2’. How much water can be transported deeper into the mantle and potentially to the core depends on the dynamics of fluid/melt segregation in this region. (b) Schematic showing dehydration in the slab mantle at choke point 2. Migration of fluids within slab mantle will result in water dissolving into bridgmanite and other nominally anhydrous phases with a bulk storage capacity of ∼0.1 wt%, potentially accommodating much or all of the released water. Migration of fluids out of the slab into ambient mantle would also hydrate bridgmanite and other phases and result in net fluid loss from the slab. Conversely, migration of hydrous fluids into the crust could result in extensive hydration of meta-basalt with water accommodated first in nominally anhydrous phases like bridgmanite, Ca-perovskite and NAL phase, but especially in dense SiO₂ phases (stishovite and CaCl₂-type) that can host at least 3 wt% water (∼0.6 wt% in bulk crust).Lithospheric slabs are expected to slow down and deform in the transition zone due to the interplay among the many factors affecting buoyancy and plate rheology, potentially trapping slabs before they descend into the lower mantle [7]. If colder, water-bearing slabs heat up by as little as a few hundred degrees in the transition zone, hydrous phases in the slab mantle will break down to wadsleyite or ringwoodite-bearing assemblages, and a hydrous fluid (Fig. 1a). Wadselyite and ringwoodite can themselves accommodate significant amounts of water and so hydrated portions of the slab mantle would retain ∼1 wt% water. A hydrous ringwoodite inclusion in a sublithospheric diamond with ∼1.5 wt% H₂O may provide direct evidence for this process [8].But no matter if slabs heat up or not in the transition zone, as they penetrate into the lower mantle phase D, superhydrous phase B or ringwoodite in the slab mantle will dehydrate at ∼700–800 km due to another deep trough, or second ‘choke point’, transforming into an assemblage of nominally anhydrous minerals dominated by bridgmanite (∼75 wt%) with, relatively, a much lower bulk water storage capacity (< ∼0.1 wt%) [9] (Fig. 1a). Water released from the slab mantle should lead to melting at the top of the lower mantle [10], and indeed, low shear-wave velocity anomalies at ∼700–800 km below North America may be capturing such dehydration melting in real time [11].The fate of the hydrous fluids/melts released from the slab in the deep transition zone and shallow lower mantle determines how much water slabs can carry deeper into the lower mantle. Presumably water is released from regions of the slab mantle where it was originally deposited, like the fractures and faults that formed in the slab near the surface [3]. If hydrous melts can migrate into surrounding water-undersaturated peridotite within the slab, then water should dissolve into bridgmanite and coexisting nominally anhydrous phases (Ca-perovskite and ferropericlase) until they are saturated (Fig. 1b). And because bridgmanite (water capacity ∼0.1 wt%) dominates the phase assemblage, the slab mantle can potentially accommodate much or all of the released water depending on details of how the hydrous fluids migrate, react and disperse. If released water is simply re-dissolved into the slab mantle in this way then it could be transported deeper into the mantle mainly in bridgmanite, possibly to the core–mantle boundary. Water solubility in bridgmanite throughout the mantle pressure-temperature range is not known, so whether water would partially exsolve as the slab moves deeper stabilizing a melt or another hydrous phase, or remains stable in bridgmanite as a dispersed, minor component, remains to be discovered.Another possibility is that the hydrous fluids/melts produced at the second choke point in the slab mantle at ∼700 km migrate out of the slab mantle, perhaps along the pre-existing fractures and faults where bridgmanite-rich mantle should already be saturated, and into either oceanic crust or ambient mantle (Fig. 1b). If the hydrous melts move into ambient mantle, water would be consumed by water-undersaturated bridgmanite, leading to net loss of water from the slab to the upper part of the lower mantle, perhaps severely diminishing the slab’s capacity to transport water to the deeper mantle and core. But what if the water released from slab mantle migrates into the subducting, previously dehydrated, slab crust?Although slab crust is expected to be largely dehydrated in the upper mantle, changes in its mineralogy at higher pressures gives it the potential to host and carry significant quantities of water to the core–mantle boundary. Studies have identified a number of hydrous phases with CaCl₂-type structures, including δ-AlOOH, ϵ-FeOOH and MgSiO₂(OH)₂ (phase H), that can potentially stabilize in the slab crust in the transition zone or lower mantle. Indeed, these phases likely form extensive solid solutions such that an iron-bearing, alumina-rich, δ-H solid solution should stabilize at ∼50 GPa in the slab crust [12], but only after the nominally anhydrous phases in the crust, (aluminous bridgmanite, stishovite, Ca-perovskite and NAL phase) saturate in water. Once formed, the δ-H solid solution in the slab crust may remain stable all the way to the core mantle boundary if the slab temperature remains well below the mantle geotherm otherwise a hydrous melt may form instead [12] (Fig. 1a). But phase δ-H solid solution and the other potential hydrated oxide phases, intriguing as they are as potential hosts for water, may not be the likely primary host for water in slab crust. Recent studies suggest a new potential host for water—stishovite and post-stishovite dense SiO₂ phases [13,14].SiO₂ minerals make up about a fifth of the slab crust by weight in the transition zone and lower mantle [15] and recent experiments indicate that the dense SiO₂ phases, stishovite (rutile structure—very similar to CaCl₂ structure) and CaCl₂-type SiO₂, structures that are akin to phase H and other hydrated oxides, can host at least 3 wt% water, which is much more than previously considered. More importantly, these dense SiO₂ phases apparently remain stable and hydrated even at temperatures as high as the lower mantle geotherm, unlike other hydrous phases [13,14]. And as a major mineral in the slab crust, SiO₂ phases would have to saturate with water first before other hydrous phases, like δ-H solid solution, would stabilize. If the hydrous melts released from the slab mantle in the transition zone or lower mantle migrate into slab crust the water would dissolve into the undersaturated dense SiO₂ phase (Fig. 1b). Thus, hydrated dense SiO₂ phases are possibly the best candidate hosts for water transport in slab crust all the way to the core mantle boundary due to their high water storage capacity, high modal abundance and high-pressure-temperature stability.Once a slab makes it to the core–mantle boundary region, water held in the slab crust or the slab mantle may be released due to the high geothermal gradient. Heating of slabs at the core–mantle boundary, where temperatures may exceed 3000°C, may ultimately dehydrate SiO₂ phases in the slab crust or bridgmanite (or δ-H) in the slab mantle, with released water initiating melting in the mantle and/or reaction with the core to form hydrated iron metal and super oxides, phases that may potentially explain ultra-low seismic velocities in this region [1,10]. How much water can be released in this region from subducted lithosphere remains a question that is hard to quantify and depends on dynamic processes of dehydration and rehydration in the shallower mantle, specifically at the two ‘choke points’ in the slab mantle, processes that are as yet poorly understood. What is clear is that subducting slabs have the capacity to carry surface water all the way to the core in a number of phases, and possibly in a phase that has previously seemed quite unlikely, dense SiO₂.     

四川及其邻近地区一些植物的细胞学研究(一)

From standpoint of floristic division,  Sichuan is located in the middle part of Eastern Asiatic Region (Takhtajan 1978) or is the area where Sino-Himalayan Forest Subkingdom and Sino-Japan Forest Subkingdom meet (wu 1979).  Here exist many so- called Arcto-Tertiary elements and newly originated species or races.  In order to bring the light the origin and differentiation of Eastern Asiatic elements,  cytological investi- gation on plants of this region are very significant.  The materials of the following 5 species were collected on Mt.  Emei in Sichuan Province.  Voucher specimens are kept in CDBI.       1.  Toricellia angulata  Oliver var. intermedia (Harms) Hu       PMC meiotic examination revealed n = 12 at diakinesis (Pl. I fig. 9)       Toricellia,  consisting of 2 spp.,  is endemic to Eastern Asiatic Region.  Based on our result along with the report of Toricellia tiliifolia (Wall.) DC. (2n=24) by Kuro- sawa (1977),  we argue that the basic chromosome number of Toricellia is 12.  Many authors,  such as Airy-Shaw (1973),  Dahlgren (1975,  1977),  Takhtajan (1969,  1980), Thorne (1983),  have adopted Hu’s (1934) treatment erecting it as a monotypic family Toricelliaceae.  Its systematic position,  whether closer to Cornaceae than to Araliaceae or vice versa,  has been in dispute.  Cytologically it seems closer to Araliaceae,  as shown anatomically (Lodriguez 1971),  because the basic chromosome number of Cornaceae s. 1. is x=11,  9,  8 (Kurosawa 1977),  whereas that of Araliaceae is 12 (Raven 1975).       2.  Cardiocrinum giganteum  (Wall.) Makino       Somatic chromosome number,  2n=24 was determined from root-tip cells (Ph. I. fig. 8).       Cardiocrinum (Endl.) Lindl.,  consisting of 3 spp.,  is endemic to Eastern Asiatic Region.  C. giganteum (Wall.) Makino is distributed from Himalayan region to S. W. China.  The present report is in accord with the number reported by Kurosawa (1966) who got the material from Darjeeling of India.  However the karyotype of the present plant is slightly different from that given by Kurosawa.  In the present material,  the satellites of the 1st. pair of chromosomes and the short arms of llst.  pair of chromoso- mes are visibly longer than those of Kurosawa’s drawing (fig. 1,  2) The plants from Yunnan,  Sichuan and Hubei Provinces,  named as C. giganteum var. yunnanense (Leit- chtlin ex Elwes) Stearn,  differ slightly from those of Himalayan region also in outer morphological characters.  The taxon needs both cytological and taxonomical further studies.       3.  Disporum cantoniense  (Lour.) Merr.       PMC meiotic examination revealed n=8 at diakinesis (Pl. I. fig. 6)       This species is widely distributed from Himalayan region through Indo-China to our Taiwan Province and Indonesia. Three cytotypes (2n=14,  16,  30) were reported for the taxon including its variety,  var. parviflorum (Wall) Hara,  by various authors (Ha- segawa 1932,  Mehra and Pathamia 1960,  Kurosawa 1966,  1971 Mehra and Sachdeva 1976a).  Some authors consider D. pullum Salisb. and D. calcaratum D. Don as synonyms of D. cantoniense. So D. cantoniense may be a species aggregate with different extreme races.  Sen (1973a,  b.) reports that the somatic chromosome numbers of D. pullum and D. calcaratum from Eastern Himalayan region are 14,  16,  28,  30,  32.  He also discovered that chromosome alterations in species of Disporum involve not only the num- ber but the structure as well.  He found that in species of Liliaceae where the reproduc- tion is mainly vegetative,  polysomaty often occurs.  In China we have not only D. can- toniense and D. calcaratum but also D. brachystomon Wang et Tang which is similar to D. cantoniense var. parviflorum (Wall.) Hara.  These taxa need further critical studies.      4.  Paris fargesii Franch.      PMC meiotic examination revealed n=5+2B (Voucher no. 112) or n=5 (Voucher no. 62) at MI and AI (Pl. I. fig. 1. 4. 5.).  This is the first report for the species.  A bridge and a fragment were also observed at AI.      Paris polyphylla Smith is extraordinarily polymorphic species.  Hara (1969) re- gards all chinese extreme forms,  such as P. fargesii Franch.,  P. violacea Lévl.,  P. pube- scens (Hand. -Mzt.) Wang et Tang,  etc. as infraspecific taxa of P. polyphylla.  Need- less to say,  the various races of P. polyphylla Smith in China need further critical stu- dies and are good material for further study to understand the speciation.      5.  Reineckia carnea(Andr.) Kunth       Reineckia is a monotypic genus endemic to Eastern Asiatic Region.  In the present material somatic chromosome number in root-tip cells is determined as 2n=38 (Pl. I. fig. 7).  According to the terminology defined by Levan et al.,  the karyotype formula is 2n=28 m+10 sm.  The length of chromosomes varies from 14.28 μ to 5.5 μ. The idiogram given here (fig. 3) is nearly the same as that presented by Hsu et Li (1984). The same number has been previously reported by several authors,  Noguchi (1936),  Satô (1942), Therman (1956).  The karyotype is relatively symmetrical (2B,  accorling to the classi-fication of stebbins 1971) in accord with the opinion of Therman (1956).     

中国及其邻近地区松杉类特有属的现代生态地理分布及其意义

 1．我国及其邻近地区松杉类特有属，主要分布于我国东南部、南部和西南 部，大约相当于我国亚热带常绿阔叶林带的范围。其垂直分布一般在海拔100— 1800米之间，少数属可达2800米，但不逾越海拔3000米。 2．我国松杉类特有属分布地区的水热条件，大致为年平均温度在10℃-20℃之间，绝对最低温度为-6.3℃——11.3℃， 年降水量一般在2000毫米左右。土壤pH 4．0—5．5之间，呈酸性反应。 3．我国及其邻近地区松杉类特有属数约占全世界松杉类特有属数的37.5%，是世界上最丰富、分布最为集中的地区。这些属的化石出现于晚白垩纪或第三纪时期。  因此，我国无疑是松杉类特有属的现代地理分布中心和保存中心。这对进一步研究松杉类植物的发生和发展，具有重要的意义。     

道德失范的社会生产——基于现代性视角的反思

道德失范是所有社会的常态,但集体道德失范则是社会异常的表现,在一个社会异常变迁的时代,道德失范则是社会生产的结果。本文应用现代性相关理论,分析了造成道德失范的各种社会性因素:包括理性压倒情感是病因学;以发展、进步为名义的现代国家是始作俑者;现代科层制官僚体系是催眠药;极化了的个体权利是遮羞布;行为规则的不确定性是替罪羊。并提出一个给国民安全感的国家,一系列有道德责任感的制度设计,一群追求道德生活的国家公民一起形成强大合力,才有摆脱目前道德失范困境的可能。     

高校图书馆在网络环境下如何为学校科研服务

高等学校是我国科学研究中一支重要力量,而高校图书馆在学校科研中利用丰富的馆藏,特色化的数字化文献信息资源,可靠的信息服务系统,为高校教学及科研项目的顺利完成提供有力的保障,提出了图书馆在网络环境下通过科研查新、定题跟踪、信息导航服务等途径为学校科研服务。     

A Review on the Role of Nutraceuticals as Simple as Se2+ to Complex Organic Molecules Such as Glycyrrhizin That Prevent as Well as Cure Diseases

Nutraceuticals are nutritional medicines which are present in edible food items. Most of them are antioxidants with various other biological properties viz, anti inflammatory, anti atherogenic, anticancer, anti viral, anti aging properties etc. They are as simple as minerals like Se²⁺ to complex organic molecules such as glycyrrhizin (Ca²⁺, K⁺ salts of glycyrrhizic acid). They can prevent as well as cure various diseases. Most of the medical people are not aware of the importance of the nutraceuticals as such matters are not part of their text books. Many still think that vitamins are the major nutritional medicines. Actually other dietary principles like terpenes, carotenes, phytosterols, polyphenols, flavanoids, di and poly sulphides, their sulfoxides and their precursor amino acids are necessary to scavenge free radicals in the body which are reactive oxygen species to protect and maintain the vitamin levels in the body. They down regulate the activities of those enzymes which are increased in diseases and they increase those that remove oxidants and detoxify carcinogens. They are immune boosters too. Recently glucosinolates, non toxic alkaloids, certain proteins and even fiber are included in the list of nutraceuticals.     

Human computers: the first pioneers of the information age

Before computers were machines, they were people. They were men and women, young and old, well educated and common. They were the workers who convinced scientists that large-scale calculation had value. Long before Presper Eckert and John Mauchly built the ENIAC at the Moore School of Electronics, Philadelphia, or Maurice Wilkes designed the EDSAC for Manchester University, human computers had created the discipline of computation. They developed numerical methodologies and proved them on practical problems. These human computers were not savants or calculating geniuses. Some knew little more than basic arithmetic. A few were near equals of the scientists they served and, in a different time or place, might have become practicing scientists had they not been barred from a scientific career by their class, education, gender or ethnicity.     

企业管理信息系统与竞争情报系统比较分析

管理信息系统和竞争情报系统是现代信息管理的两大模式,两者既有密切的联系又有显著的区别,是组织管理和决策的基础和依据。将管理信息系统和竞争情报系统整合共建是未来企业信息管理模式发展的基本方向。

Abstract：

Management Information System （MIS） and Competitive Information System （CIS） are 2 major models of modern information management.They are closely related with each other while they have distinct difference.They are the basis and foundation for the organizational management and decision-making.Integrating MIS with CIS is the basic direction of the development of the enterprise information management model in the future.     

不可忽视的高校人力资源

人力资源是影响一个组织存在和发展的最基本的要素。当今社会,知识对时代发展的贡献越来越大。高校作为创造知识、传播知识的圣地,其人力资源的开发和管理更是意义重大。在校大学生是高校中大量存在的群体,他们的特点符合高校人力资源的要求,所以也是高校不可忽视的一种人力资源。高校合理、正确地利用在校大学生资源意义重大,其方式值得探讨。     

“以学生为主体”做好中等职业学校班主任管理工作

职业中专的学生素质基本不太高,他们在学校短短两年的时间里,不仅要学习好自己本专业的知识技能,而且要好好学习为人处世,如何做人,如何立足社会,这就要求学校在管理和教学中付出比普通高中更多的时间和精力;他们在学校还要接受各自班主任的管理和教育,班主任的工作也就显得格外重要。     

企业决策管理盲点研究

文章首先阐述了决策管理盲点,主要表现在：盲目跟风,没有自己的特色;高估自己,没有量力而行;缺乏计划,眉毛胡子一把抓;依靠经验,使决策屡遭失败;没有远见,使决策大打折扣;群体决策,出现“从众效应”。接着提出了如何克服决策管理盲点。最后论述了如何分析影响理性决策因素,做出科学决策。     

鸦片战争前后中国复合金属炮技术兴衰的问题研究

文献记载和实地考察表明鸦片战争前后,中国火炮中有为数不少的复合金属炮。它可使炮体性能增强,加快射速而不必担心膛炸,发明时间稍早于南亚的印度和欧洲诸国。通过对铁芯铁体复合金属炮的金相检测,发现其材质外膛为铸铁、内膛主要为熟铁或低碳钢。此称得上是一种＂复合材料＂,具有良好的机械和力学性能,要比同样壁厚的单层体火炮坚固得多。不过,其制造技术复杂,成本很高,在鸦片战争前后的国内外战争中未得到广泛普及,其性能也劣于西方步入近代化阶段的强势火炮。其在中国的兴衰史表明：火炮的枝节性改良抵挡不住其根本性的变革,物质的力量只能用物质的力量来说明。     

Materials and nanotechnology

This paper transcribes a talk given at Drexel University as part of the April 2002 Franklin Medal festivities. Nanomaterials are ubiquitous in occurrence in nature as well as technology. They present immense opportunities both for furthering fundamental understanding and for technological applications. They provide challenges for the infrastructure of science and of interdisciplinary research and education. Nanotechnology itself neither solves nor creates uniquely new societal problems, but interacts with existing societal trends, augmenting existing strengths and weaknesses by hastening technological change.     

阿维菌素的抗肿瘤及作用机制研究进展

阿维菌素是一类大环内酯类抗生素,对寄生虫具有很高的杀虫活性.近年来研究发现阿维菌素类药物还具有抗肿瘤作用,可以抑制P-糖蛋白对其底物的外排作用及ATPase活性,同时可以抑制肿瘤的多药耐药性,提高肿瘤对抗癌药物的敏感性.阿维菌素类药物与P-糖蛋白结构亲和性关系对于提高大环内酯类抗生素的生物利用度和多药耐药性的逆转是非常...     

新形势下思想政治教育管理工作探究——“80后”辅导员遇上“90后”高职大学生

随着时代的变迁,往日颇受争议的＂80后＂正活跃在历史的舞台上,成为高校辅导员的主干力量,面对个性鲜明的＂90后＂高职大学生,＂80后＂辅导员应利用自身优势,结合当前形势,做好＂90后＂大学生的思想政治教育工作。