在大文化观照下中国诗词英译的多元化及变通

在全球大文化的观照下，翻译中既存在普世性认知因素也存在文化间及译者个体意识间的差异性，解构主义的观念便意味着翻译变通源语文本，在另一种语言文化系统中建构差异性的新文本。在语言／文化间的变通中，汉“诗词”翻译存在文体形式多元化的合理性，文中所示的案例描写与分析显示出上述理论探讨的可行性。     

法国和加拿大医师培养的差异及其社会历史原因

法国和加拿大在经济、政治、尤其是卫生保健体系等诸多领域有许多相似之处,但在医学教育体制上则有较为显著的差异,其主要原因可归结为两国的历史发展进程及民族价值观各不相同。从不同国家的社会、政治、历史的角度来分析比较其医学教育体制及教育过程的异同,对医学教育的国际合作、医学教育改革等有着非常重要的参考与借鉴作用。     

Teachers’ cultural differences: case studies of geography teachers in Brisbane,Changchun and Hong Kong

The primary purpose of this exploratory study is to identify variations in the ways in which individual teachers in different educational contexts interpret their curriculum and plan their lessons and in particular to explore the possibility that cultural differences as identified by Hofstede (1991) may be a contributing factor to understanding how teachers understand their work. “Educational reform” has become a catchphrase in the Anglo-American world, including the United States, Canada, Australia, and England and Wales, as well as in the Confucian Heritage Areas such as Mainland China, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Across the world, the educational reform measures being implemented are surprisingly similar. This paper describes a study of how geography teachers in Queensland, Australia, Hong Kong, and Changchun, China, plan their lessons and curriculum. From classroom observations and interviews with the teachers involved, we confirmed marked differences in each location regarding their cultural traits of power distance, individualist and collectivist preference and uncertainty tolerance, and that these traits appear to be highly influential in their curriculum planning. Despite the small scale of this study, we contend that there are good reasons for caution before national education systems import policies and curriculum reform initiatives from other countries for unthinking adoption.     

中西文化差异对英美文学评论的影响

世界是一个多元化的大家庭,各个国家因历史文化底蕴的不同,导致国家与国家之间存在着一定的文化差异。因受文化差异的影响,人们对其他国家文学作品的评论也有着不同的理解。中西文化存在一定差异,东方人民在对西方文学进行评论时会有其不同的观点。英美两国的发展历史不同,其相对的文学作品在类型、语言表达上也均有不同,文章讲述中西文化差异及两个文化差异对英美文学作品评论的影响,首先分析了英美文学作品的发展及特点、英美文学评论的概念,然后探究了英美两国文化差异对英美作品的影响以及中西文化差异对英美文学作品评论的影响。     

Misbehaviour in British and Turkish Primary Classrooms

This article opens with a general discussion of misbehaviour in classrooms. This is part of the theoretical framework for the research, which was a study of 'inappropriate behaviour' in primary classrooms in Turkey and Britain. The study used systematic observation and studied six classrooms in England and six in Turkey. The findings show the cultural differences in expectations of pupils and how this impacts on perceptions of misbehaviour. There were also gender differences in both countries. Teachers' attributions regarding the reasons for misbehaviour are also discussed.     

Pursuing post-secondary education in the host country and the occupational attainment of highly educated immigrants to Canada

This paper examines the occupational attainment of highly educated adult immigrants by employing a secondary analysis of three waves of the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada that provide data on immigrant arrivals in 2000–2001. Occupational attainment is described in terms of matching immigrants’ pre-migration occupation with the main occupation reported 4?years since arrival. An occupational match typology based on skill level and skill type is developed and examined in the study in relation to socio-demographic factors, human capital characteristics, cultural factors and dispositional and situational factors. The primary focus is on the relationship between occupational matching and choice of post-secondary education (PSE) (including non-participation) pathways in Canada. Study findings show that occupational match rates are relatively low. However, notable differences are obtained for highly educated immigrants choosing to take further education in Canada, particularly at university level, which supports the argument that investment in host country PSE is a strategy to improve employment and occupational outcomes.     

Les Disparités d'alphabétisation et de scolarisation en Turquie

The struggle against illiteracy is a problem of great importance in Turkey as in many other countries. In Turkey the democratisation and secularisation of education have been a difficult process. Despite strong educational efforts in recent years, the country still presents various forms of inequality, such as considerable disparities between women and men, between town and country and between different regions. Unequal socio-economic, cultural and educational development, and attachment to cultural traditions are some of the factors that influence these inequalities. At the same time, Turkey is confronted by the sore problem of the education of linguistic minorities (especially the Kurds), who are not officially recognised as the cultural policy of Turkey aims to assimilate them. Thus, in the 1920s the Kurdish language was forbidden along with all languages other than Turkish, the official national language.     

中加双语教育的社会人文环境比较研究

本文从人口和语言环境、文化和社会环境等方面比较了中国与加拿大双语教育的社会人文环境,旨在通过对中加双语教育社会人文环境的比较,把握二者的共性与特殊性,探讨作为二者存在基础的人文社会因素。理性地借鉴加拿大双语教育的经验教训,以发展符合中国国情、具有中国特色的双语教育,并推动中国双语教育研究和实践的科学发展。     

浅析加拿大多元文化之源由

在加拿大这个“枫树之国“中，并存着几种各具特色的文化：根深蒂固的英国文化、倔强不屈的法兰西文化、日渐入侵的美国文化等等，这便形成了加拿大社会的多元文化现象。然而这并非毫无根由的，它有看深刻的历史渊源。走进加拿大的社会，回溯其历史源头，也许会从中找到某些答案。     

秦亡新论

从文化角度探讨秦亡之原因，不失为一种新的，可行的思路：选择秦文化为统一政策主体，是秦文化政策失败之关键；采用战争和征服手段，是其失败的加速器；文化的差异冲突与六国旧贵族的顽强抵抗是秦文化统一政策失败的客观原因。     

The Persistence of Educational Semantics: Patterns of Variation in Monitorial Schooling in Colombia (1821–1844)

This contribution deals with the adoption and interpretation of the monitorial system of education in Colombia between 1821 and 1844, a period during which this pedagogical method was almost mandatory for all the country’s elementary schools. The analysis focuses on the differences between “local necessities” and “local semantic resources” in the interpretation and adoption of the method. The author shows that whereas its implementation in Colombia was closely related to the construction of a new, independent and republican political order, many practices and interpretations reveal astonishing similarities to the history of the method in Spain. These similar features are illustrated at the level of curriculum, teaching practices and educational knowledge. The author discusses how these continuities marked the reception of the method even though the cultural relations between Spain and Colombia were strongly weakened during this time. This fact is interpreted in terms of the persistence of a Hispanic American cultural semantics, which pervaded the circulation and appropriation of purportedly universal educational models.     

土耳其文化认同双重性探析

土耳其是一个伊斯兰教国家,长时段的历史使土耳其在文化认同上有着欧洲情节,这使土耳其成了伊斯兰教世界的异类。在西化浪潮和当前的全球化、文化多元化时代,土耳其的文化认同成了特例,就是这种特殊性,土耳其成了近现代社会变革成功的典范,当代致力于入欧盟,积极争取完全"脱亚入欧"的历程。土耳其文化认同的双重性是由其长时段的历史决定的,特殊的地理位置使土耳其成为欧洲文化的发祥地之一,又是伊斯兰文化的继承者,土耳其既是欧洲文明的遗产,又是奥斯曼帝国的遗产。是地理环境、长时段历史造就了土耳其文化的双重认同,这种文化认同在当今文明冲突的时代具有借鉴作用。     

土耳其教师教育课程改革述评

进入21世纪,土耳其的教师教育面临着很多的问题与挑战:一是师资的严重短缺;二是地区之间存在着严重差异,特别是农村地区缺乏优质的教师资源;三是师范生的录取缺乏有效的评价标准。为应对上述问题与挑战,土耳其近年展开了系统的教师教育课程改革。首先,加强教师教育的课程质量建设;其次,对传统单一的教师教育课程进行了大力改革,特别是提出了"互为贯通"的课程培训理念;第三,对教师教育课程中的基础课程变革十分重视,提出了重新设计基础课程的改革方案;第四,增强高校在师范生实习环节的指导力度,并在教师教育课程中去"西方"化,更突出土耳其的文化精髓,使教师教育课程内容更加本土化。     

从鲧治水和普罗米修斯盗火看东西文化差异

中、希神话有很多相同之处,但两者之间的差异也是明显的.这些差异有着深刻的自然、历史、社会和文化根源,表面相似的鲧治水和普罗米修斯盗火的神话实质上折射出了东西方文化的差异.从家庭观念与个人中心,天人和谐与契约社会,礼乐精神与自由主义三个方面对比鲧治水和普罗米修斯盗火,分析蕴藏其中的不同之处和东西方文化差异之根源,并以此为例阐述作者从细节着眼回本溯源认识文化差异的主张.     

The Upbringing of Girls in Turkey

Although the topic "the upbringing of girls" is one that crosses cultural boundaries, socialization into specific sex roles, nonetheless, varies quite widely from culture to culture. The decision to deal with the topic of girls' upbringing in the context of the Turkish folksong results from the fact that there is almost no literature on girls' upbringing in Turkey, while on the other hand there are folksongs which are sung and played frequently. The contents of these songs show a definite concern with sex roles, as well as the types of relations desired between the sexes. It is a generally known fact that, in the tradition-bound society of Turkey, girls are prepared not merely for their later roles as women, but also specifically for their roles in marriage and the family. The question is to what extent the topic of girls' and women's roles are touched upon in folksongs, and with what potential for any development. The notions, feelings, and wishes communicated in the texts of folksongs portray women and girls as as they are seen by the broad population throughout the country and reveal how this picture is conveyed from adults to children.     

中西文化背景下颜色词意义的异同

颜色词具有物理、心理感知和象征三个方面的意义。在中西方文化中,颜色词的物理意义是基本相同的,但是颜色词的心理感知意义和象征意义,则由于文化的不同存在着较大的差异,有些意义甚至完全相反。文章通过对三个色系主要颜色的分析,比较中西方文化背景下颜色词意义的异同。     

Elite Female Business Students in China and Norway: Job‐Related Values and Preferences

The focus of this paper is on the work‐related values, preferences, and future expectations among female students at two elite business schools in China and Norway. The paper argues that while gender theory predicts no significant differences between these two groups, both cultural and economic development theory imply fundamental differences. The overall picture we get from this study is mixed, in that while both cultural dimensions and economic development dimensions generally have a significant impact on the variations in job‐related values between the selected Chinese and Norwegian female business students, there are also commonalities that are ascribable to gender. That is, while there clearly are differences between the two groups there are also a number of significant similarities.     

浅析加拿大双语社会的语言纷争

针对加拿大双语社会语言纷争现象的分析,说明了在加拿大双语社会的语言纷争中,不单是语言上的分歧,而且这种纷争与民族矛盾和社会集团之间的紧张关系密切相关。两个语言群体同存于一个国家当中,当二者矛盾加剧时,就有可能影响社会稳定,产生民族冲突和政治危机。     

英汉社会称谓语的差异研究

作为语言交际单位,英汉称谓语有一些共同的特征,但由于语言、文化的差异,他们之间也存在很大的差异.文章从文化的角度对英汉社会称谓语进行对比分析,认为在拟亲属称谓、职衔称谓等方面两者存在着明显的差异.了解这些差异及其文化内涵无疑为跨文化交际奠定了良好的基础,减少由此造成的语用失误.     

中西文化差异对文学作品翻译的影响与对策探讨

翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的内容和意义准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。由于地理环境、社会历史、文化传统等的影响,英汉两种语言之间存在着很大的差异,这也成了英汉互译的最大障碍。作为译者,在翻译过程中应尽量减少文化差异对作品翻译带来的影响,如何处理源语和译入语的文化差异是一个亟待解决的难题。