Effects of yeast products on the intestinal morphology,barrier function,cytokine expression,and antioxidant system of weaned piglets

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of a mixture of yeast culture, cell wall hydrolysates, and yeast extracts (collectively “yeast products,” YP) on the performance, intestinal physiology, and health of weaned piglets. A total of 90 piglets weaned at 21 d of age were blocked by body weight, sex, and litter and randomly assigned to one of three treatments for a 14-d feeding experiment, including (1) a basal diet (control), (2) 1.2 g/kg of YP, and (3) 20 mg/kg of colistin sulfate (CSE). No statistically significant differences were observed in average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain, or gain-to-feed ratio among CSE, YP, and control piglets. Increased prevalence of diarrhea was observed among piglets fed the YP diet, whereas diarrhea was less prevalent among those fed CSE. Duodenal and jejunal villus height and duodenal crypt depth were greater in the control group than they were in the YP or CSE groups. Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) in the duodenal and jejunal villi were enhanced by YP, whereas IEL in the ileal villi were reduced in weaned piglets fed YP. Secretion of jejunal and ileal interleukin-10 (IL-10) was higher and intestinal and serum antioxidant indexes were affected by YP and CSE. In YP- and CSE-supplemented animals, serum D-lactate concentration and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity were both increased, and intestinal mRNA expressions of occludin and ZO-1 were reduced as compared to the control animals. In conclusion, YP supplementation in the diets of weaned piglets appears to increase the incidence of diarrhea and has adverse effects on intestinal morphology and barrier function.     

Effects of dietary fresh fermented soybean meal on growth performance,ammonia and particulate matter emissions,and nitrogen excretion in nursery piglets

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fresh fermented soybean meal (FSM) on the growth performance of nursery piglets, nitrogen excretion in feces, and the concentrations of ammonia (NH₃) and particulate matter (PM) in the piggery. A total of 472 nursery piglets (Landrace×Yorkshire, (16.3±0.36) kg body weight) were randomly allocated into two treatments with 236 pigs in each treatment. The pigs were fed the basal diet without fresh FSM (control) or diet containing 10% (100 g/kg) fresh FSM (FSM group), and the crude protein content of the two groups was consistent. The feeding trial lasted for 28 d. The results showed that the pigs fed fresh FSM had increased (P<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) compared with the control. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in feed to gain ratio (F:G) between the two groups. During the whole experiment, the concentration of NH₃ in the piggery decreased (P<0.05) by 19.0%, and the concentrations of PM (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) in the piggery decreased (P<0.05) by 19.9% and 11.6%, respectively, in the FSM group, compared with the control. The ammonia nitrogen and nitrite content in feces increased (P<0.05) by 32.9% and 28.4%, respectively, in the FSM group. The fecal pH declined (P<0.05) significantly in the FSM group compared with the control. At the end of experiment, total protein (TP) concentration was increased (P<0.05) significantly and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration was decreased (P<0.05) for pigs fed the diet with fresh FSM. The results indicated that dietary fresh FSM not only improved the growth performance of nursery piglets, but also reduced the NH₃ concentration in the piggery due to nitrogen conversion, and decreased the concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in the piggery.     

莪术挥发性组分的提取分析及抗氧化能力研究

应用超临界CO2萃取技术,采用正交实验法,对影响莪术挥发油萃取率大小的萃取压力、萃取温度和CO2流量3个因素进行了研究,最佳工艺为：萃取温度55℃、萃取压力25MPa,CO2流量30L／h,萃取率为8．44％;同时进行了水蒸气蒸馏,挥发油得率为2．31％。并对两种方法提取所得挥发油进行GC—MS成分分析,应用ABTS和FRAP法对两种方法提取莪术挥发组分的抗氧化能力进行了检测及比较,结果显示超临界CO2提取物的成分、得率不同,其抗氧化能力均强于水蒸汽法提取物。     

标准油的选择对荧光分光光度法测定水中油的影响

本文研究了标准油对荧光分光光度法测定水中油含量的影响。采用“指纹”鉴别法鉴别油的种类,能准确地选择与样品相同的油作标准,提高方法的准确度。     

Survey of antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of blueberry, blackberry, and strawberry in Nanjing

Berries are a good source of natural antioxidants. In the present study, the total antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of three berry fruits (blueberry, blackberry, and strawberry) cultivated in Nanjing were investigated. Blueberry, with a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) value of 14.98 mmol Trolox/100 g dry weight (DW), exhibited the strongest total antioxidant capacity using both the 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods. Blueberry also had the highest total phenolic content (TPC, 9.44 mg gallic acid/g DW), total flavonoid content (TFC, 36.08 mg rutin/g DW), and total anthocyanidin content (TAC, 24.38 mg catechin/g DW). A preliminary analysis using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that the blueberry, blackberry, and strawberry samples tested contained a range of phenolic acids (including gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, and cinnamic acid) and various types of flavonoids (flavone: luteolin; flavonols: rutin, myricetin, quercetrin, and quercetin; flavanols: gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, catechin, and catechin gallate; anthocyanidins: malvidin-3-galactoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, and cyanidin). In particular, the blueberries had high levels of proanthocyanidins and anthocyanidins, which might be responsible for their strong antioxidant activities. These results indicate a potential market role for berries (especially blueberries) as a functional food ingredient or nutraceutical.     

Influence of low protein diets on gene expression of digestive enzymes and hormone secretion in the gastrointestinal tract of young weaned piglets

To investigate dietary protein level effects on digestive mechanisms, weaned piglets were fed for 45 d with diets containing 20%, 17%, or 14% crude protein (CP) supplemented to meet requirements for essential amino acids. This article describes the influence of dietary protein on gastrointestinal hormones and expression of an array of digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. Results indicated that there were no significant differences in expression of enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion, except for maltase in the duodenum. In the jejunum, amylase expression in pigs fed 20% CP was much higher than that in pigs fed other diets (P<0.05) and maltase expression in those fed 17% CP was higher than that in other treatments (P<0.05). Although there were no remarkable differences in expression of aminopeptidase in the small intestine or carboxypeptidase in the pancreas (P>0.05), there was a trend towards higher expression of various proteases in pigs fed 17% CP. The duodenal expression of enteropeptidase in diets with 14% and 17% CP was significantly higher than that with 20% CP (P<0.05), but treatment differences did not existed in jejunum (P>0.05). The expression of GPR93 as a nutrient-responsive G protein-coupled receptor in 14% and 17% CP diets was significantly higher than that in 20% CP diet in the small intestine (P<0.05). The expressions of genes for pancreatic enzymes, lipase and elastase, were significantly higher in pigs fed diets with low CP, while similar trends occurred for carboxypeptidase, chymotrypsin and amylase. Conversely, the gastric expressions of pepsinogen A and progastricsin were lower with the 17% CP diet. Differences between treatments were found in the gastric antral contents of cholecystokinin and somatostatin: both increased in pigs fed 17% CP, accompanied by decreased content of motilin, which was also seen in plasma concentrations. These patterns were not reflected in duodenal contents. In general, 17% dietary CP was beneficial to the digestion of nutrient substance in the gastrointestinal tract.     

Effects of college experiences on male and female student leadership capacity in Taiwan

This study examined how college experiences affect student leadership capacity in the general college population, as well as in male versus female populations. The data were drawn from a longitudinal sample of students across 156 colleges in Taiwan. Results of this study indicated that student leadership capacity increased after college entry. After controlling for pre-college experiences and structural characteristics, various college experiences of curricular learning, cocurricular learning, and interpersonal interaction persisted as significant factors affecting student leadership capacity across genders. College experiences of class skipping and campus residence demonstrated different effects than those found in the Western literature. Comparative results of male and female students in various contexts detected using a statistical method and criteria demonstrated that, in the case of Taiwanese college students, both genders were similarly affected by their college experiences as far as leadership capacity is concerned.     

水分、光照与硼互作对大豆生长发育及产量的影响

本试验采用盆栽试验研究光照、水分与硼对生长发育和产量的影响,明确不同气候条件与硼对大豆的作用.结果表明:相同硼供给水平下,大豆株高随光照减弱而增高;施硼缓解涝胁迫;相同硼供给水平下,光照减弱导致大豆干物重降低;成熟期正常水分处理的干重高于淹水处理;施硼能够增加单株荚数、粒数、粒重.     

Effects of social comparison on aggression and regression in groups of young children.

The influence of negative, equal, and positive social comparison and of nonsocial comparison upon 4- and 5-year-old black children's subsequent aggressive and regressive behavior in 3-member groups was investigated. The group behavior of boys included more physical agression following negative social comparison than the other treatments, and their group behavior also consisted of more nonverbal teasing behavior following the negative comparison treatment than that of the equal and nonsocial comparison groups. When the behavior of the nontarget partners was controlled, children initiated more physical aggression, nonverbal teasing, and regression after experiencing negative social comparison with the partners than after following the other treatments. There was some evidence to support the reciprocal influence of children's aggressive behavior on each other, particularly for boys following imbalanced social comparison treatments.     

早期饲喂对肉鸡生长性能和肠道消化酶的影响

为研究早期饲喂对肉鸡生长性能和肠道消化酶的影响,选择360只刚出壳的AA肉用雏鸡,采用单因子试验设计,随机分成4个处理组,每组4个重复,每个重复20只,试验1组出壳后12 h饲喂,试验Ⅱ组出壳24 h后饲喂,试验Ⅲ组出壳36 h后饲喂,对照组出壳48 h后饲喂.饲喂相同日粮,试验期为6周.于21日龄和42日龄分别测定肉鸡进行生产性能和酶活性.结果表明：早期饲喂显著提高了肉鸡的日增重,降低了料重比,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组与对照组相比,日增重分别提高了4.19%和3.70%,料重比分别降低5.61%和5.10%,差异显著（P〈0.05）;试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组肠道消化酶水平高于对照组.早期饲喂提高了肉鸡肠道消化酶水平,以出壳后12 h饲喂最好.     

不同营养水平日粮对早期饲喂肉鸡生产性能和免疫机能的影响

为研究不同营养水平日粮对早期饲喂的肉鸡生产性能和免疫机能的影响,选择刚出壳AA肉仔鸡480只（雌雄各半）,对照组饲喂常规日粮,试验Ⅰ组饲喂高营养水平日粮,试验Ⅱ组饲喂低营养水平日粮．结果表明：试验Ⅰ组体重分别比对照组和试验Ⅱ组提高5．28％（P〈0．05）和9．61％（P〈0．05）;法氏囊指数分别比对照组和试验Ⅱ组提高6．27％（P〈0．05）和9．75％（P〈0．05）,脾脏指数分别提高5．8％（P〈0．05）和13．84％（P〈0．05）;试验Ⅰ组新城疫抗体水平分别提高2．92％和12．5％（P〈0．05）．高营养水平日粮有利于生产性能和免疫机能的提高．     

Effects of different types of learning on handwriting movements in young children

This experiment aimed at studying the benefits of different types of training (visual, motor, or visual-motor), in comparison to a control group, on 5-year-olds' performance in a task of writing cursive letters. The visual-motor training was shown to be the most effective training. The efficacy of visual training was clear at the letter quality level, and the impact of the motor training was shown at the movement fluency level. We assume that the visual training better contributes to learning the shape of the letter trajectory, while the motor training better contributes to improve handwriting movement execution.     

镍胁迫对大豆种子萌发过程中的生理生化影响

以两个大豆品种（周豆11号和豫豆24号）为材料，研究了不同浓度Ni^2＋处理对大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长中膜脂过氧化水平、细胞膜透性及保护酶（SOD、POD、CAT）活性的影响．结果表明，（1）Ni^2＋浸种处理对大豆种子萌发具有低浓度下的激活效应和高浓度下的抑制效应；（2）细胞内丙二醛（MDA）含量和细胞膜透性在低浓度Ni^2＋处理下略有降低，尔后随着镍浓度的提高其质膜透性和MDA含量逐渐增大，体内保护酶系统中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的变化表现为先升后降的趋势．不同大豆品种对NP的反应存在霉鼻与抗氢化系统的整体活力有关．     

镍胁迫对大豆种子萌发过程中的生理生化影响

以两个大豆品种(周豆11号和豫豆24号)为材料,研究了不同浓度Ni2 处理对大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长中膜脂过氧化水平、细胞膜透性及保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性的影响.结果表明,(1)Ni2 浸种处理对大豆种子萌发具有低浓度下的激活效应和高浓度下的抑制效应;(2)细胞内丙二醛(MDA)含量和细胞膜透性在低浓度Ni2 处理下略有降低,尔后随着镍浓度的提高其质膜透性和MDA含量逐渐增大,体内保护酶系统中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化表现为先升后降的趋势.不同大豆品种对Ni2 的反应存在差异,与抗氧化系统的整体活力有关.     

Effects of glucose and gibberellic acid on glucosinolate content and antioxidant properties of Chinese kale sprouts

Glucosinolates, anthocyanins, total phenols, and vitamin C, as well as antioxidant capacity, were investigated in Chinese kale sprouts treated with both glucose and gibberellic acid (GA₃). The combination of 3% (0.03 g/ml) glucose and 5 μol/L GA₃ treatment was effective in increasing glucosinolate content while glucose or GA3 treatment alone did not influence significantly almost all individual glucosinolates or total glucosinolates. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Chinese kale sprouts were enhanced by combined treatment with glucose and GA₃, which could be useful in improving the main health-promoting compounds and antioxidant activity in Chinese kale sprouts.     

Effects of habituation on threat display and dominance establishment in the Siamese fighting fish,Betta splendens

In three separate experiments, maleBetta splendens were exposed, respectively, to mirror images, a variety of conspecifics, and to future opponents, prior to combat with unexposed subjects. Threat display to mirror images and to live opponents habituated significantly, but the outcomes of dominance-subordinance tests were not significantly affected by prior exposure to any of the threat-eliciting stimuli. Results are discussed in terms of stimulus and response specificity and possible chemical suppression of agonistic behavior.     

Thought and language: Effects of group-mindedness on young children's interpretation of exclusive we

The current study investigated whether age-related changes in the conceptualization of social groups influences interpretation of the pronoun we. Sixty-four 2- and 4-year-olds (N = 29 female, 50 White-identifying) viewed scenarios in which it was ambiguous how many puppets performed an activity together. When asked who performed the activity, a speaker puppet responded, “We did!” In one condition, the speaker was near one and distant from another puppet, implying a dyadic interpretation of we. In another condition, the speaker was distant from both, thus pulling for a group interpretation. In the former condition, 2- and 4-year-olds favored the dyadic interpretation. In the latter condition, only 4-year-olds favored the group interpretation. Age-related conceptual development “expands” the set of conceivable plural person referents.     

铅胁迫对大豆幼苗保护酶系统及膜脂化的影响

以大豆为材料，研究了不同浓度的铅对大豆种子萌发的影响及大豆茎下胚轴内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）的活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化情况．实验表明：在低浓度Pb^2＋（20mg／L）处理下，大豆种子的发芽指数和活力指数与对照接近，随着浓度的增加，发芽指数和活力指数逐渐下降．说明高浓度的铅对大豆的生长有抑制作用．在低浓度Pb^2＋（20mg／L）处理下，SOD、POD的活性有所增强，高浓度下活性下降．而MDA恰好与其相反，先降低后升高．这表明高浓度铅降低了SOD的活性，破坏了细胞膜的完整性，增加了膜的透性、