大学生的常见情绪障碍及调节

大学生的情绪障碍,主要指影响大学生正常行为和活动效能的情绪因素或情绪状态,可以表现为逆反情绪、自卑情绪、自负情绪、冲动情绪、焦虑情绪、抑郁情绪等多方面.主要是由于心理、生理以及社会等多方面因素而导致,大学生情绪障碍的调节是针对于以上因素进行,必要时辅以药物治疗,从而使大学生充满愉悦、幸福、健康.     

Determining Appropriate Accommodations for Postsecondary Students with Reading and Written Expression Disorders

One of the most significant barriers facing postsecondary students with reading and written expression disorders who are eligible to receive specific accommodations is the lack of professional knowledge pertaining to issues surrounding accommodations. Though guided by Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act, the process by which accommodation decisions are made varies considerably across institutions of higher education. Given the recent rise in litigation surrounding the practice of how accommodations are determined as well as the increasing number of postsecondary students with reading and writing disabilities who are requesting accommodations, it is imperative that accommodation decisions be defensible and supported by empirical research. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of current research on the effectiveness of accommodations for postsecondary students with language‐based learning disabilities, discuss important considerations in the accommodation selection process, and offer recommendations for future research.     

Graphic Organizers Applied to Secondary Algebra Instruction for Students with Learning Disorders

Students who have particular difficulty in mathematics are a growing concern for educators. Graphic organizers have been shown to improve reading comprehension and may be applied to upper level secondary mathematics content. In two systematic replications, one randomly assigned group was taught to solve systems of linear equations through direct instruction and strategy instruction. The other group was taught with the same methods with the addition of a graphic organizer. Students who received instruction with the graphic organizers outperformed those who received instruction without the organizers. They also better understood the related concepts as measured by immediate posttests in both replications. The difference in understanding concepts was maintained on a 2–3 week posttest.     

A Root Awakening: Vocabulary Instruction for Older Students with Reading Difficulties

There is reliable evidence that new vocabulary is primarily acquired through wide independent reading. However, struggling readers tend to avoid reading, resulting in limited word encounters and inadequate vocabulary growth, and they often have difficulties inferring the meanings of new words from context. While there are no clear solutions to the problem of vocabulary acquisition for older students with reading difficulties, there are instructional approaches that have some evidence of effectiveness for this population. We describe the research base and promising practices related to three aspects of vocabulary instruction: (1) creating a verbal learning environment that fosters word consciousness, (2) selecting and teaching specific words, and (3) teaching an independent word learning strategy through a combination of contextual and morphemic analysis. These instructional approaches are grounded in overarching principles recognized by researchers as being characteristic of effective instruction for students with learning difficulties, including explicit instruction, promoting cognitive and collaborative engagement, and providing many opportunities for practice, including distributed practice, with teacher feedback. Finally, we discuss the possibilities inherent in a cross‐content schoolwide approach to vocabulary instruction at the secondary level. We conclude with a call for additional research examining the effectiveness of instructional approaches to vocabulary development for secondary school students with reading difficulties, including a schoolwide collaborative model.     

西方关于阅读困难学生的记叙文理解策略教学研究

阅读困难(Reading disability)是学习不良(Learning disability)的一种类型,普遍存在于学习不良学生中.据统计,在美国,发展方面存在障碍的儿童占儿童总数的10.5%,其中学习不良儿童占5.25%,其中又有至少50%是阅读困难儿童.     

差异教学在智力落后学生家庭烹饪专业教学中的应用研究报告

本研究以两个家庭烹饪专业班为研究对象,主要采用单组前后测的实验设计方法,进行了差异教学的应用研究.通过研究发现,从全面测查、动态分组分层、制定挑战性的目标、选择多样化的学习内容与学习方法、及时反馈与评价等方面系统实施差异教学,可以大面积提高智力落后学生的家庭烹饪技能和他们解决日常生活中的烹饪问题的能力.     

谈中文系大学生课外阅读指导

经调查研究发现,中文系大学生课外阅读能力普遍较低,造成此种现象的原因有多种,文学课的不尽人意是其中一大原因.为此给出中文大学生课外阅读指导意见,首先是中文系的文学课及文学课教师的教学观念需要改革,目的在于激起学生的阅读兴趣,在此基础上,还要注意引导学生正确的阅读方式.     

Supplemental Reading Instruction for Students at Risk for Reading Disabilities: Improve Reading 30 Minutes at a Time

Supplemental reading instruction provides a way to improve the reading outcomes of students at risk for reading difficulties and to meet the challenges produced by increases in student diversity in today’s classrooms. The research–based intervention described in this article includes intensive, explicit, and systematic reading instruction in five areas: fluency, phonemic awareness, instructional–level reading with an emphasis on comprehension, word analysis, and spelling. This intervention was effective in improving the reading skills of low SES, second–grade English monolingual and English–language learners.     

中职学生荣辱观教育中的情感引导

中职学生荣辱观教育,需要进行情感引导.中职荣辱观教育要充分认识情感引导的作用,探索情感引导的规律,提高情感引导的实效.     

Increasing Positive Playground Interaction for Kindergarten Students at Risk for Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Students who experience social withdrawal and anxiety (internalizing difficulties) are often overlooked in schools due to the covert nature of their symptoms. The literature lacks empirically supported preventive approaches for kindergarten students who are socially withdrawn and behind their peers in developing social skills. Furthermore, research suggests that parents often are not adequately involved in interventions during this critical period of social development. In response to this need, a school-based intervention was implemented to increase the positive social interaction of three kindergarten students on the playground. Treatment consisted of (a) social skills training, (b) adult mediation, (c) self-evaluation and reinforcement, and (d) parent involvement through home notes. The effects of this intervention were assessed on the playground during recess using partial interval recording of target students’ positive interactions. During implementation of the intervention, all target students demonstrated improvements in social interaction. Future studies should investigate whether addressing the limitations of this study would yield stronger results with this underserved population.     

Evidence‐Based Strategies for Reading Instruction of Older Students with Learning Disabilities

Over a quarter of 8th‐grade students and more than one‐third of 4th graders do not read well enough to understand important concepts and acquire new knowledge from grade‐level text. For students with learning disabilities, the numbers are more troubling. This article describes features of evidence‐based instruction for students who continue to struggle with reading in late elementary, middle, and high school. Recommendations are organized into 5 areas that are critical to the reading improvement of older struggling readers: (1) word study, (2) fluency, (3) vocabulary, (4) comprehension, and (5) motivation. Much of the content in this article reflects our efforts with the Special Education and Reading Strands at the National Center on Instruction, funded by the Office of Special Education Programs and the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education. Two reports, both available at http://www.centeroninstruction.org/ , have particular relevance—Interventions for Adolescent Struggling Readers: A Meta‐Analysis with Implications for Practice and Academic Literacy Instruction for Adolescents: A Guidance Document from the Center on Instruction.     

Conservatism and the Underidentification of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in Special Education

Underidentification of students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD; emotional disturbance or ED in federal language) is a critical issue, perhaps explainable in part by causal attributions of problem behavior associated with conservatism. Conservatism in 58 counties in the state of California was measured by finding the percentage of voters in the county voting in favor or Proposition 8, a state constitutional amendment banning gay marriage, under the assumption that opposition to gay marriage is an indicator of conservatism. We conducted a series of hierarchical regression analyses in which conservatism, ethnicity, free/reduced lunch, and suspension/expulsion were used to explain county rates of ED, intellectual disability, and learning disability identification. The model for county identification of ED accounted for 45% of the variance from county to county, with conservatism being the strongest predictor (β = ?0.78, p < 0.001). More conservative counties had lower rates of ED identification. Other variables may contribute to under-identification, but causal attributions associated with conservatism may play a significant role.     

我国情绪与行为障碍的研究进展

情绪与行为障碍是一种重要的障碍类别,目前已经在美国和台湾得到高度重视,相关研究也得到迅猛发展。我国在该领域的研究起步较晚,但研究数量逐年增加。文章主要采用文献研究的方法回顾了近年来国内有关情绪与行为障碍的研究文献,分别从界定、分类、诊断和教育等几个方面进行梳理,以期总结出目前我国在该领域的最新研究进展,为进一步研究及其在实践方面的合理应用提供参考依据。     

Enhancing Science Literacy for All Students With Embedded Reading Instruction and Writing-to-Learn Activities

Reading and writing in science have been frequently maligned but infrequently studied since the 1960s move toward hands-on science. Current interest in the printed-based language arts in science is supported by contemporary educational reforms and the realization that simply doing more hands-on activities may not improve meaningful learning. Students need opportunities to consolidate their science experiences and to contrast their understandings with the interpretations of the science establishment. Science literacy means that students learn about the "big" ideas of science and how to inform and persuade others about these ideas. This article attempts to sketch a substantive framework for using science reading and science writing with deaf students based on research and informed practice with hearing students.     

语文阅读教学要重视读

语文阅读课姓"读"不姓"讲"。传统的语文教育思想体现了语文学习的基本理念,即读写吟诵,其中读是第一要素。阅读教学要重视感受、体验、咀嚼、涵泳。这是一个不断领悟、吸收、内化的过程。这一切,其基础在于阅读,抛开阅读,相当于学习语文成了无本之木、无水之源。     

An Analysis of Functional Assessment in Relation to Students with Serious Emotional and Behaviour Disorders

Functional assessment methods are currently being touted as the key to effective programming for students with disabilities who exhibit serious behaviour problems. These methods have been effective in developing behavioural supports for students with severe disabilities in a variety of educational settings. This paper reviews the functional assessment paradigm in relation to students with serious emotional and behaviour disorders who have well developed cognitive abilities and linguistic skills. Based on the needs of these students, the Assessment Intervention Process, a system for facilitating the development of effective positive behaviour plans, is described.     

初读:打好阅读教学的第一根基桩简

初读环节是整体感知课文、理解课文的基础,是培养良好语感的重要途径,也是学生在校学习要获得的一种最基本的语文能力。在初读教学中,要从整体观念出发,引导学生从了解全文内容入手,对课文有个初步的整体印象,把握文章构架,理解字词,为细读课文打好基础。可根据文体的不同、教学对象的差异,在读前提出明确的初读要求,让学生边读边思考,不能过于仓促,要关注全体学生,不能流于形式,要认真地检查落实。