江南民居生态新解--从常熟翁同(龠禾)故居看江南地区民居生态因素的利用

文章以常熟翁同(龠禾)故居为典型例子,从"生态"这一新视角对翁同(龠禾)故居进行重新解读,旨在窥斑见豹,探索江南地区民居中的生态因素,扬长避短,为这一地区的现代建筑设计所借鉴利用.     

江南民居生态新解——从常熟翁同龢故居看江南地区民居生态因素的利用

文章以常熟翁同龢故居为典型例子,从“生态”这一新视角对翁同龢故居进行重新解读,旨在窥斑见豹,探索江南地区民居中的生态因素,扬长避短,为这一地区的现代建筑设计所借鉴利用。     

发达国家科计划实施办法

当前,我国正面临着"十一五"建设的重要攻坚阶段.科学技术一直是我国发展过程的关键因素.党中央高瞻远瞩,制订了"星火计划"、"火炬计划"以及"863计划"等重大科研发展计划,并取得了重要的科研成果.当前,国内外的科技环境已经发生了深刻的变化,许多国家为能在新一回合的科技竞争中取得优势,都纷纷制订了相应的科技发展计划.产学研结合有着特殊而重要的意义,鉴于我国的实际情况,结合发达国家的基本经验,本文以英国为研究对象,论述了英国在制定与实施重大科技计划的基本做法,对我国在制定重大科技计划时有一定的借鉴意义与参考价值.     

简论近代经验信念的确立

近代科学赖以生发的一个基本前提是"近代经验信念"只有在具有经验确定性的个别感性物中才能认识一般性的自然秩序.这一信念是在"基督教的中世纪"确立起来的中世纪的基督教神学家从未否定个别感性物的存在及感觉经验的确定性,而且他们始终力图依据感觉经验和个别感性物确证其教义和信仰,最终使理性从宗教信仰转向经验个别物.同时,神学家们还为经验信念的确立提供了宗教根据、奠定了哲学基础.在这整个过程中,基督教信仰始终发挥着根本的导向和推动作用.     

渔塘坝黑色富硒岩石中硒的赋存状态及其对局域环境的效应研究

选取迄今世界上唯一发生过人群硒中毒爆发性流行的地区--湖北恩施渔塘坝为研究区.研究结果表明,在渔塘坝废弃的"石煤堆"和富硒岩段,首次发现了多形态、多成因的自然硒和硒铜蓝、水硒铁石等硒的独立矿物,证实了富硒岩石中自然硒的存在.富硒岩石中硒主要以有机结合态和残渣态硒为主.元素硒的形成过程是影响风化岩石硒释放、转化和迁移的重要因素.富硒岩石是渔塘坝高硒区形成的直接因素.硒中毒的高风险主要受玉米硒(主食)的控制,渔塘坝目前依然是硒中毒可能发生的高风险区.     

穿越冷战的情报科学史及其启示:理查兹"情报科学与冷战的结束"评介

理查兹(PamelaSpenceRichards)的论文"情报科学与冷战的结束"着重探讨了冷战与情报科学的关系,以及前苏联解体后情报科学的发展动向.该文相当于将莉莉(DorothyB.Lilley)和特里斯(RonaldW.Trice)的<情报科学史(1945～1985)>推进了10年,而在这10年之中又发生了许多重大事件,这些都有助于我们更完整、准确地理解情报科学的实质与发展规律.     

晚中新世以来中国北方风成沉积的磁性地层学和沉积学研究及其古气候意义

对黄土高原的灵台和泾川黄土-红粘土序列进行了磁性地层学和沉积学研究.古地磁研究表明,泾川剖面的底界年龄为8.0 Ma,这比灵台剖面的底界年龄老1.0 Ma.通过空间上红粘土剖面的地层对比,发现灵台红粘土序列相对较为完整和连续.该剖面可以作为中国北方晚第三纪红粘土的标准剖面.野外观察和粒度分析均表明灵台和泾川红粘土沉积为风成沉积.通过对南北向黄土大断面粒度参数的系统分析,初步建立了"粉尘沉积的粒度参数一沉积区距源区最小距离"的半定量模型.根据这些模型推测,红粘土的主要源区可能在现代的巴丹吉林沙漠及其以西地区.灵台剖面的游离铁/全铁值变化表明,晚中新世以来东亚夏季风经历了非线性的演化历史.约4.1～4.8 Ma间为黄土高原地区7.0 Ma以来东亚夏季风最为强盛的时期.该气候事件的出现可能同全球温度背景较高及全球冰量较小有着动力学上的联系.     

关于兰科Eulophia hirsuta T. P. Lin的归属问题

 根据花的构造将短毛美冠兰Eulophia hirsuta 移入粉口兰属Pachystoma。由于粉口兰属已经有Pachystoma hirsutum(1987)，故另起新名，即绿岛粉口兰Pachystoma ludaoense。     

相对论的动能公式与动量公式相悖

本刊已有不少文章揭示相对论在理论上是自相矛盾的。本文则要证示：相对论中的动能公式与动量公式是不自洽的。众所周知,相对论的动能公式为!"#$%&'$(%&（)）动量公式为*#$+#$(+)'+&,%&!（&）质速关系式为$#$()'+&,%&!（-）把式（-）代入式（)）,有!"#$(%&)'+&,%&!'$(%&#$(%&（))'+&,%&!')）（.）按式（.）按级数展开,有!"#$(%&（')/)/)&+&%&/-0+.%./1)2+2%2/……）#$(（)&+&/-0+.%&/1)2+2%./……）#)&$(（)/-.+&%&/10+.%./……）·+&（1）根据式（1）,相应的动量为*3#$(（)/-.+&%&/10+.%./……）·+但是,把相对论的动量公式（&）按级…     

清华国学院时期梁启超与中国"自然科学史"研究框架的浮出

梁启超任职清华国学院导师期间,完成著作并讲授<中国历史研究法(补编)>.其中他首次确立"自然科学史"的地位,明确"自然科学史"与中国文化专史、学术思想史以及哲学史、史学史、社会科学史研究的层级关系,沟通科学、技术与新史学的内在联系.在明清学术史研究中,梁启超初步梳理中国科学技术史,从社会、文化的意义上检讨中国科学技术的历史与现状.他力求通过促进科学文化传播,实现建构中国"学术社会"的理想.这构成其科学文化学术实践的一部分.     

我国20所高校自然科学学报的统计分析

对20种高校自然科学学报进行了统计分析.<学报>开本以国际A4为主流,信息量逐年增加.基金论文比例较高(50.85%),平均发文时滞367天.其合著率(90.17%)、引文比率(99.33%)均较高.但合作度(3.04人)偏低,篇均引文(5.65篇)低于国内水平,更低于国外水平.<学报>编辑规范化水平较高,但应致力于缩短发文时滞.有条件的应出版<学报>的英文版,并积极创造条件尽快上网,使<学报>早日走向世界.     

生物文化多样性与西部大开发

中国是世界上生物多样性资源丰富的国家之一.作为全球性生物"巨大多样性"国家,中国具有多种多样的生态系统、植被类型、物种和遗传多样性.中国的植物尤其丰富,30,000种高等植物产于中国,其中乔、灌木7,500种;中国的动物区系同样丰富.据统计已发现有6,347种脊椎动物(包括1,244种鸟类和3,862种鱼类),特有植物物种多达17,300种;特有脊椎动物667种;中国西部12个省、市、自治区,包括甘肃、贵州、陕西、四川、青海、云南6省,广西壮族自治区、内蒙古自治区、宁夏回族自治区、新疆维吾尔族自治区和西藏自治区等5个自治区以及重庆市. 土地面积6.98万km2, 约占国土总面积的70%; 有全国75%的植物物种数和动物物种数.中国西部省区人口总数为4.05亿,其中少数民族人口占相当比重.多民族文化状态造就了中国西部省区成为独特的生物-文化多样性地区;另一方面,中国西部省区面临农村贫困、自然资源与环境的退化和少数民族依然处于边缘状态的现实.本文讨论了中国西部省区的生物与文化多样性及其在经济发展方面的潜力.急需保护该地区的自然和文化,以达到可持续发展的目的.     

中国白花丹科花粉形态研究

The present paper describes the pollen morphology of 30 species belonging to 7 genera of Plumbaginaceae from China.  The pollen grains were all examined under light microscope, and those of some species under scanning and transmission electron microscope.       The pollen grains of the family are subspheroidal, prolate or oblate, (37.5-74.5)× (40.4-81.9)μ in size, 3-colpate, rarely 4-6-colpate,  only pancolpate in  Ceratostigma willmottianum.  The exine 2-layered, 2.0-7.4μ thick, sexine thicker than nexine, verrucate, reticulate or coarsely reticulate.       On the basis of the morphology, two types of pollen grains are distinguished in the family:       (1)  The pollen grains are 3-(rarely 4-6 ) or pancolpate, the exine verrucate. They are found in the tribe Plumbagineae (inculuding the genera Ceratostigma, Plumbago and Plumbagella).       (2)  The pollen grains are all 3-colpate, the exine reticulate or coarsely reticulate. They are found in the tribe Staticeae (including the genera Acantholimon, Ikonnikovia, Goniolimon and Limonium ).     

四川及其邻近地区一些植物的细胞学研究(一)

From standpoint of floristic division,  Sichuan is located in the middle part of Eastern Asiatic Region (Takhtajan 1978) or is the area where Sino-Himalayan Forest Subkingdom and Sino-Japan Forest Subkingdom meet (wu 1979).  Here exist many so- called Arcto-Tertiary elements and newly originated species or races.  In order to bring the light the origin and differentiation of Eastern Asiatic elements,  cytological investi- gation on plants of this region are very significant.  The materials of the following 5 species were collected on Mt.  Emei in Sichuan Province.  Voucher specimens are kept in CDBI.       1.  Toricellia angulata  Oliver var. intermedia (Harms) Hu       PMC meiotic examination revealed n = 12 at diakinesis (Pl. I fig. 9)       Toricellia,  consisting of 2 spp.,  is endemic to Eastern Asiatic Region.  Based on our result along with the report of Toricellia tiliifolia (Wall.) DC. (2n=24) by Kuro- sawa (1977),  we argue that the basic chromosome number of Toricellia is 12.  Many authors,  such as Airy-Shaw (1973),  Dahlgren (1975,  1977),  Takhtajan (1969,  1980), Thorne (1983),  have adopted Hu’s (1934) treatment erecting it as a monotypic family Toricelliaceae.  Its systematic position,  whether closer to Cornaceae than to Araliaceae or vice versa,  has been in dispute.  Cytologically it seems closer to Araliaceae,  as shown anatomically (Lodriguez 1971),  because the basic chromosome number of Cornaceae s. 1. is x=11,  9,  8 (Kurosawa 1977),  whereas that of Araliaceae is 12 (Raven 1975).       2.  Cardiocrinum giganteum  (Wall.) Makino       Somatic chromosome number,  2n=24 was determined from root-tip cells (Ph. I. fig. 8).       Cardiocrinum (Endl.) Lindl.,  consisting of 3 spp.,  is endemic to Eastern Asiatic Region.  C. giganteum (Wall.) Makino is distributed from Himalayan region to S. W. China.  The present report is in accord with the number reported by Kurosawa (1966) who got the material from Darjeeling of India.  However the karyotype of the present plant is slightly different from that given by Kurosawa.  In the present material,  the satellites of the 1st. pair of chromosomes and the short arms of llst.  pair of chromoso- mes are visibly longer than those of Kurosawa’s drawing (fig. 1,  2) The plants from Yunnan,  Sichuan and Hubei Provinces,  named as C. giganteum var. yunnanense (Leit- chtlin ex Elwes) Stearn,  differ slightly from those of Himalayan region also in outer morphological characters.  The taxon needs both cytological and taxonomical further studies.       3.  Disporum cantoniense  (Lour.) Merr.       PMC meiotic examination revealed n=8 at diakinesis (Pl. I. fig. 6)       This species is widely distributed from Himalayan region through Indo-China to our Taiwan Province and Indonesia. Three cytotypes (2n=14,  16,  30) were reported for the taxon including its variety,  var. parviflorum (Wall) Hara,  by various authors (Ha- segawa 1932,  Mehra and Pathamia 1960,  Kurosawa 1966,  1971 Mehra and Sachdeva 1976a).  Some authors consider D. pullum Salisb. and D. calcaratum D. Don as synonyms of D. cantoniense. So D. cantoniense may be a species aggregate with different extreme races.  Sen (1973a,  b.) reports that the somatic chromosome numbers of D. pullum and D. calcaratum from Eastern Himalayan region are 14,  16,  28,  30,  32.  He also discovered that chromosome alterations in species of Disporum involve not only the num- ber but the structure as well.  He found that in species of Liliaceae where the reproduc- tion is mainly vegetative,  polysomaty often occurs.  In China we have not only D. can- toniense and D. calcaratum but also D. brachystomon Wang et Tang which is similar to D. cantoniense var. parviflorum (Wall.) Hara.  These taxa need further critical studies.      4.  Paris fargesii Franch.      PMC meiotic examination revealed n=5+2B (Voucher no. 112) or n=5 (Voucher no. 62) at MI and AI (Pl. I. fig. 1. 4. 5.).  This is the first report for the species.  A bridge and a fragment were also observed at AI.      Paris polyphylla Smith is extraordinarily polymorphic species.  Hara (1969) re- gards all chinese extreme forms,  such as P. fargesii Franch.,  P. violacea Lévl.,  P. pube- scens (Hand. -Mzt.) Wang et Tang,  etc. as infraspecific taxa of P. polyphylla.  Need- less to say,  the various races of P. polyphylla Smith in China need further critical stu- dies and are good material for further study to understand the speciation.      5.  Reineckia carnea(Andr.) Kunth       Reineckia is a monotypic genus endemic to Eastern Asiatic Region.  In the present material somatic chromosome number in root-tip cells is determined as 2n=38 (Pl. I. fig. 7).  According to the terminology defined by Levan et al.,  the karyotype formula is 2n=28 m+10 sm.  The length of chromosomes varies from 14.28 μ to 5.5 μ. The idiogram given here (fig. 3) is nearly the same as that presented by Hsu et Li (1984). The same number has been previously reported by several authors,  Noguchi (1936),  Satô (1942), Therman (1956).  The karyotype is relatively symmetrical (2B,  accorling to the classi-fication of stebbins 1971) in accord with the opinion of Therman (1956).     

谈谈苏轼的哲理诗--《题西林壁》

元丰7年(1084年),苏轼由黄州贬所迁汝州(今河南临汝)团练副使,4月离黄州赴汝州,途经庐山,作此诗.<东坡志林>卷一<记游庐山>云"仆初入庐山,山谷奇秀,平生所未见,殆应接不暇.……最后与总老(东林寺僧常总)同游西林,又作一绝云云(即本篇)".苏试游览庐山,并在山上的西林壁上题写了这首诗,赞美庐山风光.     

疱脐衣属的一新亚属

 In the present paper a new species of Lasallia Merat is described and placed under a new subgenus Pleiogyra, characterized by having econcentrical multi-gyrate apothecia. In consequence of this finding, the conception of plane disc in the genus Lasallia of Umbili- cariaceae becomes untenable.      As a result of careful examination of rich materials, the writer considers the dif- ference in disc found by Scholander among all species of the family is of certain signifi- cance for classification.  Unfortunately, Scholander’s classification is based solely on this rather variable morphological character.  If his view be adopted the new species will have to be inserted into the genus Gyrophora Ach. emend. Schol.  If accepting Llano’s division of Umbilicariaceae into five genera, namely Lasallia, Agyrophora, Omphalodiscus, Umbili- caria and Actinogyra, the new species will have to be considered a new  genus  of  the family.      The present writer considers both Scholander’s and Llano’s systems as being artificial, because the former author emphasizes too much the unstable morphological appearance of disc and the later simply divides the family into five genera simultaneously on the basis of the stable and unstable characters of the various groups.  In contrast with Scholander’s and Llano’s systems Frey’s classification neglects wholly the difference in the characters of disc.  Such treatment is likewise unsound.  The present writer supports the view held by Flotow, Koerber, Elenkin and Savicz (1950).  Nevertheless, he does not agree with Savicz in erecting the subgenus Gyrophoropsis (Elenk. et Savicz) Savicz, because muriform spores are present not only in the group having gyrate discs, but also in the groups having plane and omphalic discs of the Genus Umbilicaria Hoffm. emend. Vej.  The recognition of this subgenus must therefore deny the basis on which the other four subgenera are established.       The system of Umbilicariaceae held by the writer is as follows: I. Genus Lasallia Merat emend. Vej  ......  Thallus pustulate; disc plane to econcentrical multi-gyrate; spores     1(2) per ascus, quite large, muriform.     1. Subgenus Lasallia...Disc plane.    2. Subgenus Pleiogyra Vej  ......  Disc econcentrical multigyrate. II. Genus Umbilicaria Hoffm. emend. Vej (syn. Gyrophora Ach. emend. Savicz)* ...Thallus non-pustulate;    disc plane and smooth or plane with central sterile column (or fissure) or with gyri; spores 8 per ascus,    simple, hyaline or becoming brown muriform, small. 1. Subgenns Agyrophora (Nyl.) Savicz  ......  Disc plane.    (1) Section Agyrophora (syn. sect. Anthracinae emend. Llano). .....  Spores simple and hyaline.    (2) Section Dichroae Llano  ......  Spores becoming brown muriform. 2. Subgenus Omphalodiscus (Schol.) Savicz  ......  Disc with central sterile column or fissure.    (1) Section Omphalodiscus (syn. sect. Decussatae Schol.)  ......  Spores simple and hyaline.    (2) Section Spodochroae Schol.  .....  Spores becoming muriform. 3. Subgenus Umbilicaria...Disc with concentrical gyri; spores simple and hyaline or becoming muriform.    (1) Section Umbilicaria (syn. sect. Simplices Llano)  ......  Spores simple and hyaline.    (2) Section Gyrophoropsis (Elenk. et Savicz) A. Zahlbr. (syn. sect. Muriformes Llano)  ......  Spores          becoming muriform.4. Subgenus Actinogyra (Schol.) Savicz  ......  Disc with radial gyri, proper margin absent.     

谈《中图法》(第三版)中"计算机技术"类目的修订

论述<中图法>(第三版)"计算机技术"类目在类名设置、分类体系结构、反映新问题和新事物的能力等诸方面存在的问题,提出几点修改建议.     

芍药属的研究(1)——国产几个野生种核型的报道

In the present paper 8 species with 15 populations of the genus Paeonia L. (if P. papaveracea and P. japonica are recognised as species) were collected from Sichuan, Shaanxi and Hebei provinces (see the Appendix for detail of the materials).  The micrographs of their somatic metaphase (also Mii in the case of P.veitchii) are shown in Plates 1-4, the karyo- type formulae, ranges of chromosome length and classification of karyotypes according to Steb- bins (1971) are shown in Table 5: the idiograms in Figs. 1-2, and the parameters of chromo- somes in Table 1-4.  The essential points are mentioned as follows:        (1)   Chromosomes of the various species in the section Modan have so far been examined and they are all diploid, the two species in the section Onaepia are also diploid, and thus tetraploids exist only in the section Paeonia.        (2)  Chromosomes in the genus Paeonia are relatively stable except for the differentiation of ploidy.  The karyotypes (Table 1-4) show no differences among different taxa in Sect. Modan and the same can also be said about the taxa in Sect. Paeonia (Table 1).  Not only are the karyotypes very similar, but also among the members within  either section have the same parameters of chromosomes, and, differences, if occur, are not statistically significant. Between the two sections, however, the situation is different. The arm ratios of the first pairs of chromosomes in Sect. Modan are 1.53, 1.52 and 1.48 (Table 1), but those in Sect. Paeonia are 1.12-1.28 (Table 2-4), 95% confidence limits are 1.46-1.60 for the section Modan and 1.07-1.28 (1.21-1.35 only for PB85078) for the section Paeonia, not overlapping, which indi- cates that the two sections have differentiated in respect of the first pairs of chromosomes.        (3)The population PB85024, which belongs to the P. obovata complex, has a karyotype of 2B (stebbins, 1971), which is a new one in the genus Paeonia. This karyotype is a stable one, for several individuals in the population are uniform in this respect, which shows that Steb- bins’ (1971) generalization that all the species in Paeonia have 2A does not hold true.        (4)  Three populations of P. obovata complex studied in this work from Sichuan and Shaanxi are all tetraploids, and one from Hebei is a diploid.  From the present work and the previcus reports, the materials from Japan and Korea, no matter whether flowers are pink or white, are diploids, those from Heilongjiang Province (with both pink and white flowers) (Liu Ming-yuan, personal communication) and from Heibei Province (with pink flowers) in China are also diploids, the one from Sakhalin (pink flowers) is tetraploid, those from Priamur of the Soviet Union are a tetraploid (with white flowers) and a diploid (with pink flowers), and those from Shaanxi (the Qinling Range) and western Sichuan (with both pink and white flowers) are all tetraploids.  As far as we have now known, ploidy in this parti- cular complex is correlated with the geographical distribution: diploids are found in the cen- tral part, tetraploids occur in the northern limits, and in the south  letraploids are the only cytotype.      (5)  The materials of P. mairei from western Sichuan and Shaanxi (the Qinling Range) are found all to be tetraploids, which shows that two cytotypes, diploid and tetraploid, exist in this  species,  but the geographical distribution pattern of these two cytotypes is to be revealed in the future investigation.     

《CAJ-CD》、CAJCD及其检索

本文论述了<中国学术期刊(光盘版)>全文电子期刊及<中国学术期刊(光盘版)@专题文献数据库>全文数据库的各种特征,并着重分析了检索的多种途径和技能.