日本企业的R＆D合作及其对国家创新系统改革的政策启示

日本技术创新体系以大企业的自付主义为特征，但是随着技术创新相关国际竞争的激化以及研发内容的复杂化、高级化，推进研发外部合作的动向日益广泛。在这种研发网络的形成中，研发型中小企业的产学研合作，起着非常重要的作用。本文利用《研发外部合作实情调查》中的有关数据，对研发型中小企业的产学研合作进行了定量的分析。     

China's national innovative capacity

China is transforming itself into the workshop of the world, building an export-oriented national production system linked by global value chains to the world's leading economies. But to what extent is it laying the foundations for moving from imitation to innovation? In this first study of China's national innovative capacity, we extend earlier work conducted on the East Asian Tiger economies, and bring it up to the year 2005. We demonstrate a surge in patenting activity by Chinese firms and organizations since 2001, and analyze the drivers behind this, as well as the quality characteristics of the patenting - in terms of intensity, impact and links with the science base. We have some striking findings to report, including the strong role played by universities in the building of China's national innovative capacity over the last 15 years, and the puzzling apparent lack of contribution of the public sector in reinforcing China's national innovative capacity. On the latter point we suggest that the role of public sector institutions has been mixed, and only exerts its effects after reforms streamlined the system and brought many of the institutions into the private sector.     

Peer review and national need

In this paper a quantitative look is taken at some of the latent conflicts between the Canadian government's changing expectations of university research and the peer review process by which the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), the major funder of scientific research in the universities, allocates its resources. Focusing on the granting histories of individual grantees, it is shown that, statistically, an individual's funding level is a function of the period of time over which he has been funded by the Council. Studies of other systems of decision making make these findings unsurprising in that they reflect the incremental outcomes of group decisions. However, the do point to the structural problems inherent in a top-down approach to stimulating research in areas of national need within a system involving diffuse focal points for decision making. If future government funding is to be ensured, it will be important to either clarify expectations in order to take account of the traditional autonomy of research councils or, if need is to be explicitly defined as customer oriented, to explore alternative funding mechanisms.     

试论民族文化差异意识与民族院校英语教学

汉民族、少数民族和英美民族客观上存在着文化差异，这些差异增加了民族院校英语教学难度。以西藏民族学院为例，尝试分析了汉藏英文化上的一些差异，认为加强民族文化差异意识的学习与培养，可以促进民族院校英语的教与学。