School psychologists and suicide risk assessment: Role perception and competency

As the second leading cause of death for adolescents, suicide is a major concern for school personnel. School psychologists' training in mental health makes them well-positioned to lead in suicide prevention efforts; however, studies have shown a lack of preparedness in crisis intervention and, more specifically, suicide risk assessment. This study surveyed practicing school psychologists (N = 92) to explore their perception of both their role and competency in suicide risk assessment. Suicide risk assessment was defined as a broad term pertaining to any measures taken in suicide prevention, intervention, or postvention. The majority of school psychologists reported having a primary role at the tertiary level (i.e., intervening with a student identified as needing help). Participants indicated lacking adequate graduate preparation; however, most participants were confident in their knowledge of suicide and suicide risk assessment and were comfortable identifying and intervening with a student who is suicidal. Implications for practice and directions for future research are discussed.     

社会支持与大学生自杀态度的相关研究

采用肖水源编制的社会支持评定量表和自杀态度问卷对大学生进行测定,以探讨社会支持与大学生自杀态度的关系。结果表明,对自杀行为性质的认识与对支持的利用度存在极其显著相关,主观支持、客观支持、支持总分均不存在显著相关;对自杀者态度与支持总分和主观支持存在显著相关,与客观支持和支持利用度不存在显著相关;对自杀者家属态度与支持总分相关极其显著,与主观支持和支持利用度存在显著相关,与客观支持不存在显著相关;对安乐死态度与社会支持不存在显著相关。社会支持与大学生自杀态度存在相关。     

从“町游恋”悲剧看近松门左卫门的情死剧创作价值

近松门左卫门的情死剧创作集中展现了町人和游女的爱情悲剧,构成了其剧作中“町游恋”的创作导向。“町游恋”悲剧揭示了当时社会存在的“义理”与“人情”的矛盾,展现了江户时代商品经济发展带来的价值观念的碰撞、冲突与变迁,同时也反映了元禄社会的生死观与宗教观。剧作《曾根崎心中》《冥途飞脚》和《心中天网岛》,反映着“町游恋”生成和消亡背后的各种社会文化因素的碰撞,“町游恋”的创作导向展现了的近松门左卫门的情死剧创作的人文关怀以及社会批判意义。     

高职院校大学生自杀意念问题与心理危机干预

目的：探讨高职院校大学生自杀的有效预防和危机干预对策,方法：采用自编自杀调查问卷、症状自评量表（SCI-90）、Beck抑郁问卷对我院1240名大学生进行现场调查,采用非条件logistic回归及通径分析探索自杀意念与各类社会心理因素之间的关系。结果20．25％的高职大学生有自杀意念,女生略高于男生,大学生自杀意念、心理健康水平之间呈显著相关。结论：不良的心理健康水平是高职大学生自杀意念产生的重要因素。应制定和采取综合干预措施．提高高职大学生心理健康水平,以降低高职大学生的心理危机及自杀行为的发生率。     

大学生自杀意念的归因研究

自杀是指有意识、自愿的结束自己生命的行为;而自杀意念是指偶然体验的自杀行为动机,但没有采取或实现自杀的外显行为.以大学生中自杀意念预警人员为研究对象,通过对大学生自杀意念的归因分析发现,内外向、神经质、抑郁、精神病性4个因子显著地影响着大学生自杀意念的产生及严重程度.     

GIFTED ADOLESCENTS: AT RISK FOR SUICIDE

The high rate of suicide among adolescents is an ever present concern to those who work with troubled youth. It has commonly been thought that adolescents of high intellectual ability are sheltered from the everyday stresses that lead their peers to commit suicide. However, researchers are discovering that giftedness carries with it special stresses that may make the gifted adolescent vulnerable to emotional distress, leading to suicidal behaviour. This paper will investigate the exceptional vulnerabilities of the gifted adolescent, and show how the practitioner may recognize the warning signs in this population. In addition, recommendations will be made regarding prevention and intervention strategies.

     

Psychodynamics in Adolescent Suicide

The article contains an analysis of underlying cognitive processes that have been found to strongly influence an individual's movement toward self-destruction. Clinical material from a discussion with several young people illustrate significant signs of suicide abuse; (3) low self-esteem-negative attitudes toward self; (4) a sense of hopelessness and despair; (5) guilt reactions and psychological pain; and (6) a progressive withdrawal from relationships and favored activities. The self-disclosures of these adolescents provide a comprehensive view of a hostile thought process or "voice" that is a fundamental part of self-destructive tendencies existing, to varying degrees, in every individual. A chart depicting levels of increasing suicide intent, "The Continuum of Negative Thought Patterns," can be utilized to assess the suicidal potential in the individual student or patient.     

反刍思维影响自杀意念:理论支撑及作用机制

自杀意念指个体想要自杀的想法,对自杀意念影响因素的考察将有利于在认知上控制自杀风险。反刍思维作为一种沉浸式的认知反应方式,是探讨自杀意念产生与发展的新切入点。反应风格理论、自杀人际关系理论、自杀认知模型和动机-意志整合模型都能为反刍思维影响自杀意念提供理论支撑。未来除需要加深对二者行为作用机制的探讨外,还应增加追踪、对照研究设计和认知神经机制层面的探索,并加强反刍思维之于个体积极意义的考察。     

从心理角度浅析大学生自杀现象

文章着重以心理学的角度来剖析大学生自杀的原因,同时,提出要把大学生的生命教育和心理辅导作为校本课程来研究,从而真正建立预防和干预大学生自杀的长效机制。     

大学生自杀意念识别的心理学方法

自杀意念的有效识别是心理危机预防与干预的重要内容.属于内隐的自杀意念会有或多或少相应的外显表现.并且,对自杀意念的外在表征的有效识别,可以大大降低自杀成功的概率.文章尝试走进自杀者的内心,解读他们自杀的深层心理动因,以及把握在认知、言行、情绪及睡眠饮食和生理等方面所流露出的危险信号,并提出六种在访谈过程中用于识别自杀意念的心理学方法.     

University Mental Health Professionals in Puerto Rico: Suicide Experiences,Attitudes, Practices,and Intervention Skills

This study explored suicide knowledge, experiences, attitudes, practices, and intervention skills of mental health professionals (n?=?52) working in counseling centers of Puerto Rican public and private universities. Intervention skills were examined using a Spanish version of the Suicide Intervention Response Inventory (SIRI-2; Neimeyer & Bonelle, 1997 Neimeyer, R. A. and Bonnelle, K. 1997. The Suicide Intervention Response Inventory: A revision and validation. Death Studies, 21: 59–81. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Results suggest inadequate screening practices, difficulty in exploring and assessing suicidal ideation/conduct and intent, and a lack of knowledge of risk factors. Results point to the need for further training in suicide screening and risk assessment as an early intervention strategy for prevention. Implications for future studies and practice are discussed.     

Childhood trauma and suicide risk in a sample of young individuals aged 14–35 years in southern Brazil

Suicide is among the main causes of death of people aged between 15 and 44 years old. Childhood trauma is an important risk factor for suicide. Hence, the objective of this study was to verify the relationship between childhood trauma and current suicide risk (suicidal behavior and ideation) in individuals aged 14–35 years, in the city of Pelotas, Brazil. This is a cross-sectional, population-based study. Sample selection was performed by clusters. Suicide risk was evaluated using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and Childhood trauma was assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Moreover, the participants responded to a questionnaire concerning socioeconomic status, work, and substance use. The sample was composed of 1,380 individuals. The prevalence of suicide risk was 11.5%. The prevalence figures of childhood trauma were 15.2% (emotional neglect), 13.5% (physical neglect), 7.6% (sexual abuse), 10.1% (physical abuse), and 13.8% (emotional abuse). Suicide risk was associated (p < .001) with gender, work, alcohol abuse, tobacco use, and all types of childhood trauma. The odds of suicide risk were higher in women (OR = 1.8), people who were not currently working (OR = 2.3), individuals who presented alcohol abuse (OR = 2.6), and among tobacco smokers (OR = 3.4). Moreover, suicide risk was increased in all types of trauma: emotional neglect (OR = 3.7), physical neglect (OR = 2.8), sexual abuse (OR = 3.4), physical abuse (OR = 3.1), and emotional abuse (OR = 6.6). Thus, preventing early trauma may reduce suicide risk in young individuals.     

当前我国高校大学生存在的自杀诱因及干预探析

自杀属于非正常死亡现象,是一个特殊而又普遍的社会问题。大学生作为一个特殊的群体,大学生自杀应该引起社会各界的广泛关注。随着高校学生的自杀率逐年上升,其危害与后果的严重日益明显。然而,国内只有理论研究,可供实践的路径少。笔者将在大学生自杀诱因以及自杀危机的干预方面进行理论和实践上的探讨,以弥补其他学者的研究之不足。首先探讨大学生自杀诱因,为自杀心理预防提供方向;然后对自杀危机前的预防性干预、自杀危机下的过程性干预和自杀危机后的维护性干预都做明确阐析,希望预防大学生自杀干预机制能起到一定的效果,也为减少大学生自杀提供实质性的帮助。     

大学生自杀现象之心理分析

自杀是一个对大学生健康成长构成破坏性威胁的问题。依据对35个大学生自杀案例的调查，从社会心理学的角度分析大学生自杀的诱因和, 现人格障碍和绪失调是导致大学生自杀的首要原因，而大学生对挫折的不良认知以及心理挫折承受能力低也是导致其自杀的又一原因，据此特提出预防大学生自杀的途径和措施。     

Is there a specific relationship between childhood sexual and physical abuse and repeated suicidal behavior?

OBJECTIVE: Studies show that childhood sexual and physical abuse predict repeated suicide attempts and self-mutilation. Little is known about the importance of sexual and physical abuse when compared to other severe childhood adversities with respect to chronic suicidal behavior. METHOD: Seventy-four subjects, 65% of whom were women, consecutively admitted to a general hospital after having made a suicide attempt, were interviewed as part of the intake interview about prior suicide attempts and self-mutilation and received DSM-IV diagnoses. Sexual abuse, physical abuse, neglect, antipathy from parents, loss of parents, and severe discord in the family before the age of 18, were covered by the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse (CECA) interview schedule. RESULTS: The prevalence of severe sexual abuse was 35%, severe physical abuse 18%, neglect 27%, antipathy 34%, loss of caregiver 37% and exposure to family violence 31%. Physical and sexual abuse were independently associated with repeated suicide attempts when controlling for the effects of the other childhood adverse factors. No other childhood adversity was related to chronic suicidal behavior. The odds ratio of exposure to sexual or physical abuse was highest among those who both repeated suicide attempts and self-mutilated. CONCLUSION: Physical and sexual abuse are significantly and independently associated with repeated suicidal behavior.     

Sexual abuse and suicidality: gender differences in a large community sample of adolescents

OBJECTIVE: A cross-sectional study of gender specific relationships between self-reported child sexual abuse and suicidality in a community sample of adolescents. METHOD: Students aged 14 years on average (N = 2,485) from 27 schools in South Australia completed a questionnaire including items on sexual abuse and suicidality, and measures of depression (Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale), hopelessness (Beck Hopelessness Scale), and family functioning (McMaster Family Assessment Device General Functioning Subscale). Data analysis included logistic regression. RESULTS: In boys, self-report sexual abuse is strongly and independently associated with suicidal thoughts, plans, threats, deliberate self-injury, and suicide attempts, after controlling for current levels of depression, hopelessness, and family dysfunction. In girls, the relationship between sexual abuse and suicidality is mediated fully by depression, hopelessness, and family dysfunction. Girls who report current high distress about sexual abuse, however, have a threefold increased risk of suicidal thoughts and plans, compared to non-abused girls. Boys who report current high distress about sexual abuse have 10-fold increased risk for suicidal plans and threats, and 15-fold increased risk for suicide attempts, compared to non-abused boys. Fifty-five percent (n = 15) of sexually abused boys attempted suicide versus 29% (n = 17) girls. CONCLUSIONS: A history of sexual abuse should alert clinicians, professionals and carers in contact with adolescents, to greatly increased risks of suicidal behavior and attempts in boys, even in the absence of depression and hopelessness. Distress following sexual abuse, along with depression and hopelessness indicate increased risk of suicidal behavior in girls, as well as boys.     

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF SUICIDE RISK ASSESSMENT PRACTICES IN THE SCHOOL SETTING

Suicidal behavior in children and youth continues to be a major public health problem in the United States. School personnel have a legal and ethical obligation to recognize and respond to the mental health needs of their students and to take steps to ensure their safety. In this exploratory study, suicide risk assessment practices of three large school districts were examined. More than 3,400 suicide risk assessments were conducted in these districts during the 3 years considered. The results indicate that all three districts have implemented suicide prevention programs that include risk‐assessment practices in an effort to reduce suicidality. Suicides risk assessments were conducted with at least one child in each grade from kindergarten through 12^th in each district, occurring most frequently at the middle school level. Differences by gender were noted in terms of level of risk and hospitalizations, but no significant differences were observed based on race/ethnicity. These risk assessment efforts of these three districts appear to be promising in preventing suicides: none of the students who were assessed went on to commit suicide. Implications for school‐based practices and training are discussed.     

大学生应对方式、心理健康状况与自杀态度的调查研究

为了解大学生心理健康状况及其应对方式对自杀态度的影响,采用应对方式问卷、症状自评量表(SCL—90)和自杀态度问卷(QSA),对西北师范大学本科生进行问卷调查。结果表明:(1)不同性别、年级学生的心理健康、应对方式和自杀态度有显著差异;(2)自杀行为的态度与SCL-90的各因子显著相关且均为负相关,与应对方式中的解决问题和求助呈显著正相关,与合理化负相关显著。进一步回归分析,发现心理健康水平的抑郁因子和应对方式中的求助因子进入了回归方程。     

Suicide among gifted students

Suicide has become the solution to an increasing number of gifted youth's mounting frustrations. While not all or even a documented majority of gifted children attempt suicide as a solution to life's Stressors, the loss of even a small number of gifted youth is reason enough for intervention to be actively sought. One possible solution is mandatory counseling within the gifted curriculum as a preventive intervention.     

迪尔凯姆的绝望与救赎

本文是迪尔凯姆的经典名著《自杀论》的读书笔记。《自杀论》是迪尔凯姆实证社会学研究的典范,被认为是《社会分工论》的续篇。书中将自杀从一种个体性的行为转化一个整体性的社会事实,并将社会事实作为分析单位。从而顺理成章地建构起了一个实证社会学的研究对象。迪尔凯姆通过对自杀分类并解读其产生的社会因素,提出社会改革能够阻止自杀发生这一理想。