有氧代谢能力与耐力项目训练中运动强度的选择

全面阐述了有氧代谢能力的概念，提出了最大摄氧量、无氧阈、最大摄氧量平台的持续时间都应是耐力训练的目标。在此基础上讨论了发展此3项目标应采用的训练强度。     

大强度运动中肌酸补充的研究

本文对运动员在大强度运动中补充肌酸（Ｃｒ）以提高运动能力的基本原理、方法等问题作一综述．     

Functioning of the attentional networks at rest vs. during acute bouts of aerobic exercise

The present study explored the effects of three different activity conditions on three attentional functions: alerting, orienting, and executive control. A group of highly experienced cyclists performed the Attention Network Test-Interactions (Callejas, Lupiá?ez, & Tudela, 2004) at rest, during moderate aerobic exercise, and during intense aerobic exercise. Results indicated that aerobic exercise accelerated reaction time and reduced the alerting effect compared with the rest condition. However, aerobic exercise did not modulate the functioning of either the orienting or the executive control attentional networks. No differences in reaction time or attentional functioning were observed between the two aerobic exercise workloads. The present results suggest that moderate aerobic exercise modulates the functioning of phasic alertness by increasing the general state of tonic vigilance.     

不同强度有氧运动对动脉粥样硬化大鼠血液NO信号及相关因素的影响

目的:探索不同强度的有氧运动对动脉粥样硬化大鼠血液NO信号的影响以及一些相关调节因素的变化.方法:60只SD大鼠随机分为C组、AS组、ASL组、ASM组、ASH,每组10只.运动组的跑速分别设计为10 m/min、15 m/min、20 m/min,每天一次训练,时间为30分钟,运动实验持续时间为4周,每周训练6天.运动结束后处死大鼠,测定血清一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)、内皮素(endothelln,ST)、左旋精氨酸(L-arginine,L-Arg)和非对称二甲基精氨酸(Asymmetrical Dimethylar#nine,ADMA)浓度.结果:1)无论何种强度的有氧运动均可以显著提高血清NO水平,但是中等强度以上的有氧运动效果更为明显;中等强度的有氧运动可明显提高血清NOS的含量;低强度虽然也升高了ET水平.但是中等以上强度效果更为明显.2)动脉粥样硬化发展过程中,L-Arg浓度变化并不明显,ADMA水平明显上升.各种强度的有氧练习也不会升高血清L-Arg水平,但是较大的强度有利于降低血清ADMA水平,并有效改善L-Arg/ADMA比值,因此较大强度的有氧练习可能对NO的释放有明显的改善.结论:中等以上强度的有氧练习对改善动脉粥样硬化大鼠的NO信号和相关的调节分子的效果更为明显.     

The effect of high intensity exercise and anticipation on trunk and lower limb biomechanics during a crossover cutting manoeuvre

We investigated the effects of high intensity, intermittent exercise (HIIP) and anticipation on trunk, pelvic and lower limb biomechanics during a crossover cutting manoeuvre. Twenty-eight male, varsity athletes performed crossover cutting manoeuvres in anticipated and unanticipated conditions pre- and post-HIIP. Kinematic and kinetic variables were captured using a motion analysis system. Statistical parametric mapping (repeated-measures ANOVA) was used to identify differences in biomechanical patterns. Results demonstrated that both unanticipation and fatigue (HIIP) altered the biomechanics of the crossover cutting manoeuvre, whereas no interactions effects were observed. Unanticipation resulted in less trunk and pelvic side flexion in the direction of cut (d = 0.70 – 0.79). This led to increased hip abductor and external rotator moments and increased knee extensor and valgus moments with small effects (d = 0.24–0.42), potentially increasing ACL strain. The HIIP resulted in trivial to small effects only with a decrease in internal knee rotator and extensor moment and decreased knee power absorption (d = 0.35), reducing potential ACL strain. The effect of trunk and hip control exercises in unanticipated conditions on the crossover cutting manoeuvre should be investigated with a view to refining ACL injury prevention programmes.     

Stress responses during aerobic exercise in relation to motivational dominance and state

We examined the hypothesis that congruence between motivational dominance and state results in optimal psychological responses and performance during exercise. Twenty participants (10 telic dominant and 10 paratelic dominant) rated their stress at 5 min intervals as they cycled on an ergometer at gas exchange threshold for 30 min in both telic and paratelic state manipulated conditions. Participants then performed a test to exhaustion at a resistance equivalent to 110% of VO(2max). The hypothesized interaction between condition and dominance was significant for internal tension stress, as paratelic dominants were more stressed than telic dominants when exercising in the telic state and telic dominants were more stressed than paratelic dominants when exercising in the paratelic state. Similarly, the condition × dominance interaction for internal stress discrepancy was significant, as paratelic dominants reported greater internal stress discrepancy exercising in the telic compared with the paratelic state. Findings are discussed in relation to the application of reversal theory for understanding stress responses during aerobic exercise.     

论有氧运动的健身效果

依据科学实验的结果,从生理、生化学角度对其主要方向的问题加以论述。对人们正确认识和科学地使用有氧运动去健身,并获得良好健身效果具有一定指导意义。     

剧烈运动对大鼠血浆嘌呤核苷酸代谢的影响

观察大强度运动对大鼠血浆嘌呤核苷酸代谢的影响.大鼠进行大强度运动,运动后血浆尿囊素、次黄嘌呤和肌苷的浓度均比运动前的浓度显著升高（P＜0.01）.提示大强度运动导致大鼠骨骼肌中的腺嘌呤核苷酸丢失.     

有氧运动对高脂膳食大鼠脂肪组织COX2的影响

目的:旨在观察有氧运动对高脂膳食大鼠白色脂肪组织(WAT)和棕色脂肪组织(BAT)中环氧合酶2(COX2)及其相关基因的影响,以探讨有氧运动促进WAT棕色化及BAT活化以抵抗高脂膳食对机体血脂和体重不利影响的可能机制。方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分为普通对照组(C组)、普通运动组(E组)、高脂对照组(HC组)和高脂运动组(HE组),每组7只。E组和HE组进行中等强度跑台训练。8周干预结束后,计算各组大鼠Lee’s指数,测量体成分,称量WAT(肾周和附睾处)和BAT(肩胛处)湿重;测试血清甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(CHO)含量;RT-qPCR检测BAT中COX2 mRNA的相对表达量;Western blot法检测脂肪组织中肾上腺素能受体β3(Adrβ3)、COX2和解偶联蛋白(UCP1)蛋白含量。结果:1)饲喂第2周起高脂膳食大鼠体重较普通膳食大鼠显著升高,运动第3周起,HE组体重较HC组均显著降低;运动后E组和HE组大鼠的Lee’s指数分别较C组和HC组显著性下降;2)高脂膳食大鼠脂肪含量显著增加,运动后出现显著性下降;与C组相比,HC组WAT湿重显著增加,运动组WAT湿重显著降低,E组BAT%较C组显著升高;3)有氧运动降低高脂膳食大鼠血清CHO和TG水平;4)运动组BAT中COX2 mRNA表达显著高于对照组;5)E组BAT中UCP1、COX2和Adrβ3蛋白表达显著高于C组,HE组WAT中COX2蛋白表达显著高于HC组。结论:有氧运动可降低高脂膳食机体的血脂水平,改善体脂含量和体重,该过程可能与运动激活WAT和BAT中Adrβ3以促进COX2的表达,增加WAT和BAT中UCP1的表达,以促进BAT的活化和WAT的棕色化有关。     

有氧运动处方在普通高校公共体育课中的应用

使用实验和问卷调查的方法,探讨了有氧运动处方在高校公共体育课中的应用。结果显示,8周实验前后男女生的耐力素质比较差异均有显著性;有些女生的实验组在体重指数、心功指数、肺活量和腹部皮褶等方面有改善,男生的则没有显著性变化;有氧运动处方的实施对大学生的速度、力量素质也会产生良好的影响;有氧运动处方的实施对大学生心理健康有一定促进作用;大学生普遍具有科学锻炼的意识,高校开展科学健身指导迎合大学生需要,有氧运动处方应用是一个切入点。     

葡萄籽提取物对运动员大强度运动后生化指标的影响研究

目的:研究葡萄籽提取物对运动员大运动量后生化指标影响。方法:以辽宁省女子皮划艇队为研究对象,服用葡萄籽提取物后,测定大强度力竭性运动前后几个抗氧化指标的变化,从而观察葡萄籽提取物对运动员延缓疲劳和保护运动损伤的作用效果。结果:葡萄籽提取物中含有的原花青素能够显著提高运动员谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶水平,同时,血浆超氧化物歧化酶的平均值也有一定程度的升高。结论:在短时力竭的运动中,葡萄籽提取物能够有效地保护细胞膜较少的受到过氧化物的攻击,从而延缓运动疲劳,减少运动损伤的发生。     

大强度运动对免疫功能的影响及其可能机制

目的：跟踪和展望大强度运动对免疫功能的影响及预防运动后免疫功能下降,保证运动员的身体机能良好并且更好地进行运动训练。方法：采用回顾性研究和前瞻性分析相结合的综述性研究方法,阐述了运动对免疫功能的影响及其可能机制、大强度运动对免疫功能抑制机制。结论：大强度运动后,机体的免疫功能会发生明显的变化,淋巴细胞及其亚群浓度下降,增值分化能力和活性降低,免疫球蛋白含量及功能也受到影响,出现运动后抑制现象。长时间、大负荷训练可以导致机体细胞免疫功能的显著降低,使血清Gln、Arg含量的降低和外周淋巴细胞凋亡速率增快,可能是运动性免疫抑制的重要机制。     

The relationships between exercise intensity, heart rate, and blood pressure during an incremental isometric exercise test

Currently, it is not possible to prescribe isometric exercise at an intensity that corresponds to given heart rates or systolic blood pressures. This might be useful in optimizing the effects of isometric exercise training. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the relationships between isometric exercise intensity and both heart rate and systolic blood pressure during repeated incremental isometric exercise tests. Fifteen participants performed seated isometric double-leg knee extension, during which maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was assessed, using an isokinetic dynamometer. From this, a corresponding peak electromyographic activity (EMG(peak)) was determined. Subsequently, participants performed two incremental isometric exercise tests (at least 48 h apart) at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30% EMG(peak), during which steady-state heart rate and systolic blood pressure were recorded. In all participants, there were linear relationships between %EMG(peak) and heart rate (r at least 0.91; P < 0.05) and between %EMG(peak) and systolic blood pressure (r at least 0.92; P < 0.05). Also, when repeated tests were compared, there were no differences in the slopes (P > 0.50) or elevations (P > 0.10) for either of the relationships. Therefore, these linear relationships could be used to identify isometric exercise training intensities that correspond to precise heart rates or systolic blood pressures. Training performed in this way might provide greater insight into the underlying mechanisms for the cardiovascular adaptations that are known to occur as a result.     

应重视短距离速滑运动员的有氧能力训练

通过分析王曼丽运动成绩提高的原因，指出了有氧能力的提高所起的作用，并介绍了王曼丽有氧能力训练的方法，阐明了必须重视短距离速滑运动员的有氧能力训练，才能使达到一定程度的运动水平得到进一步地提高。     

大强度运动对肝细胞凋亡的影响及其机制的研究进展

采用文献资料法与逻辑推理法,对不同形式大强度运动对肝细胞凋亡的影响及其机制进行研究,结果发现:急性力竭运动、长期高强度训练、大强度离心运动可导致肝细胞凋亡增加,其机制可能与肝组织的氧化应激损伤以及Ca2+稳态遭到破坏有关.探讨大强度运动造成肝细胞凋亡的机制,以期预防运动性肝损伤的发生.     

Muscle performance following an acute bout of plyometric training combined with low or high intensity weight exercise

Abstract

To determine the time course of performance responses after an acute bout of plyometric exercise combined with high and low intensity weight training, a 3-group (including a control group), repeated-measures design was employed. Changes in performance were monitored through jumping ability by measuring countermovement and squat jumping, and strength performance assessment through isometric and isokinetic testing of knee extensors (at two different velocities). Participants in both experimental groups performed a plyometric protocol consisting of 50 jumps over 50 cm hurdles and 50 drop jumps from a 50 cm plyometric box. Additionally, each group performed two basic weight exercises consisting of leg presses and leg extensions at 90–95% of maximum muscle strength for the high intensity group and 60% of maximum muscle strength for the low intensity group. The results of the study suggest that an acute bout of intense plyometric exercise combined with weight exercise induces time-dependent changes in performance, which are also dependent on the nature of exercise protocol and testing procedures. In conclusion, acute plyometric exercise with weight exercise may induce a substantial decline in jumping performance for as long as 72 hours but not in other forms of muscle strength.     

不同磷脂补充对小鼠有氧运动能力的影响

本研究目的在于探讨肝源性磷脂与大豆磷脂补充对小鼠有氧运动能力的影响.选取40只健康昆明种小鼠,分为4组,制备肝磷脂、大豆磷脂悬浊液及安慰剂,进行为期两周的灌胃,之后进行一次性力竭游泳运动,分别测定血LA、Hb、RBC及腓肠肌线粒体SDH、SOD.结果显示,磷脂补充组SDH、SOD均显著高于其他组,而血液指标中Hb、RBC低于其他组,血乳酸与运动对照组比较无显著差异,多数指标上肝源性磷脂补充与大豆磷脂补充有显著性差异.结论:磷脂补充可以延长小鼠力竭运动时间,增强小鼠有氧代谢能力,从而提高小鼠的有氧运动能力.     

Impact of aerobic exercise trials with varied intensity patterns on perceptions of effort: an evaluation of predicted, in-task, and session exertion

Perceptions of effort provide a sense of momentary exertion during exercise, but may have value when considered prior to and after exercise. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between perceived exertion assessed before, during, and after trials of aerobic exercise fixed for total work but varied on intensity patterns. Twenty participants completed five trials of treadmill exercise that included planned intensity variations every 10 minutes to result in the same total work. Perceived exertion was taken before, during, and after exercise. Analyses confirmed each trial was similar in terms of average speed and heart rate (P > 0.05). Predicted and session exertion results indicated that the steady exercise bout was perceived as easier than many trials of varied speed (P < 0.05). Trials including an intense segment in the middle or end of the session were perceived as more difficult than sessions that varied intensity otherwise or remained constant. Similarly, trials that remained constant during the 30-minute period were perceived as less aversive than most other trials. These findings suggest that exercise sessions involving a steady intensity throughout are viewed as less taxing than sessions with variable intensity, especially when compared to sessions that conclude with a higher intensity finish.     

补充大豆低聚肽对高强度运动后大鼠肠道粘膜屏障的影响

研究目的:补充大豆低聚肽对大鼠小肠上皮组织形态学和IEL的影响,观察大豆低聚肽对高强度运动后肠道粘膜屏障的保护作用.方法:雄性SD大鼠40只,被随机分为灌喂水安静(A)组、灌喂大豆低聚肽安静(B)组、灌喂水运动(C)组和灌喂大豆低聚肽运动(D)组.大鼠在适应性喂养及膳食平衡1周后,进行实验及指标测试.结果:高强度运动后,大鼠肠道粘膜机械屏障出现轻微损伤和IEL减少,而补充大豆低聚肽后,与C组比较,D组大鼠小肠粘膜厚度增高33.36%(P<0.05),小肠绒毛高度增高12.91%(P<0.05),小肠粘膜隐窝深度增加32.84%(P<0.05),IEL增加40.96%(P<0.05).结论:补充大豆低聚肽可改善高强度运动后小肠粘膜屏障功能.     

补充纳米生血铁对高强度运动大鼠铁代谢相关指标的影响

目的:观察补充纳米生血铁对高强度运动大鼠铁代谢相关指标的影响。方法:60只健康雄性SD大鼠为研究对象,体重(160±10)g,随机分为4组:A组为安静对照组(n=15)、B组为高强度运动对照组(n=15),C组为高强度运动补充生血铁组(n=15)、D组为高强度运动补充纳米生血铁组(n=15)。运动大鼠第1周20 m/min,30 min/次,2次/天,6天/周,休息1天;第2周25 m/min,60 min/次,2次/天,6天/周,休息1天;第3周30 m/min,90 min/次,2次/天,6天/周,休息1天;第4周35 m/min,120 min/次,2次/天,6天/周,休息1天。在最后一次运动后次日处死动物并取材测试。D组大鼠补充纳米生血铁,C组大鼠补充等量普通生血铁,A、B组大鼠补充等量安慰剂。结果:大鼠进行4周高强度递增负荷运动后,血清铁、血清总铁结合力、红细胞总数和血色素均显著下降;而补充纳米生血铁大鼠血清铁、血清总铁结合力、红细胞总数和血色素水平均显著升高。