作为测评学生科学学业成就替代性手段的科学表现性评价

科学表现性评价是传统纸笔测验的一种重要替代性手段,能够评价传统测验难以测评的学生科学学业成就的重要方面。一个完备的科学表现性评价包括评价任务、应答格式和评分系统三大组成部分。任务类型和推理维度可以描述评价任务。根据各部分是否具有相互依赖性,应答格式可以分为一次性和分批次性两种。评分系统分为分项的和整体的两种类型,采用分项评分系统的不同任务类型的评价主要关注点各不相同,整体评分系统则采用量规来为表现评分。     

科学课程学业成就评价的知识论基础

从可持续发展的观点来看,人类的生存需要基础性知识,人类的发展需要创造性知识。基于上述理念的知识论,学习科学知识需要了解知识的相对性与相关性,进而把握知识的同一性。透过这样的学习范式,才能真正地领悟科学的本质。在学生科学课程学业成就评价中,始终基于这样的理念是十分必要的。     

Jordanian Preservice Primary Teachers' Perceptions of Mentoring in Science Teaching

Quality mentoring is fundamental to preservice teacher education because of its potential to help student and novice teachers develop the academic and pedagogical knowledge and skills germane to successful induction into the profession. This study focused on Jordanian preservice primary teachers' perceptions of their mentoring experiences as these pertain to science teaching. The Mentoring for Effective Primary Science Teaching instrument was administered to 147 senior preservice primary teachers in a university in Jordan. The results indicated that the greater majority of participants did not experience effective mentoring toward creating a supportive and reflexive environment that would bolster their confidence in teaching science; further their understanding of primary science curriculum, and associated aims and school policies; help with developing their pedagogical knowledge; and/or furnish them with specific and targeted feedback and guidance to help improve their science teaching. Substantially more participants indicated that their mentors modeled what they perceived to be effective science teaching. The study argues for the need for science-specific mentoring for preservice primary teachers, and suggests a possible pathway for achieving such a model starting with those in-service primary teachers—much like those identified by participants in the present study—who are already effective in their science teaching.     

教师教学工作绩效多源反馈评估的构思与应用

科学、合理地评估教师教学工作绩效是学校教学管理工作的核心。传统的教师教学工作绩效评估方式收集信息不全、评估结果不够客观。借鉴企事业人力资源管理绩效评估中常用的多源反馈评估方式,有利于改进教师教学工作绩效评估工作。教师教学工作绩效的多源评估,采用评估问卷,能够由主管上级、同行教师、学生、被评估教师本人等多个评定者对其提供多个维度的反馈信息,获得量化评定结果,从而能够帮助教师提高自我认识能力,提高自身素质,改进教学工作,提高绩效水平。     

中国博士后工作评估的发展与未来

回顾中国博士后制度创建以来的两次较全面的工作评估,并从评估的权限、评估的制度化、评估指标的构建、评估方式和评估结果的使用等五个方面进行分析,提出加强评估的具体措施。     

Scaffolding Preservice Science Teachers' Evidence-Based Arguments During an Investigation of Natural Selection

In this qualitative case study, preservice science teachers (PSTs) enrolled in their advanced methods course participated in a complex, data-rich investigation based on an adapted version of the Struggle for Survival curriculum. Fundamental to the investigation was the use of the Galapagos Finches software and an emphasis on giving priority to evidence and constructing evidence-based arguments. The questions that guided the research were: (1) What is the nature of the scientific arguments developed by PSTs? (2) How do PSTs go about constructing scientific arguments (emphasis on processes and strategies)? (3) In what ways do the scaffolds embedded in the Galapagos Finches software influence the development of PSTs arguments? Two pairs of PSTs were selected for in-depth examination. The primary sources of data were the electronic artifacts generated in the Galapagos Finches software environment and the videotaped interactions of both pairs as they investigated the data set, constructed and revised their arguments, engaged in peer review sessions, and presented their arguments to the class at the end of the unit. Four major patterns emerged through analysis of the data. First, using the software, PSTs consistently constructed claims that were linked to evidence from the investigation. Second, although PSTs consistently grounded their arguments in evidence, they still exhibited a number of limitations reported in the literature. Third, the software served as a powerful vehicle for revealing PSTs knowledge of evolution and natural selection. Finally, the PSTs approach to the task had a strong influence on the way they used the software.     

绩效考核在西部医院管理中的实施

绩效考核是现代医院管理工作中的重要内容,通过对青海省人民医院实施绩效考核制度情况的调查,针对其在西部医院的实施现状和存在的问题,提出了一些改善医院绩效考核管理的建议,为更好地进行医院管理提供参考依据。     

客观对待教师绩效评价和发展性教师评价

教师绩效评价有其特定的内涵,既包括对教师教学工作过程的评价,也包括对教师教学工作结果的评价。由于教育目标更具模糊性与教育效果的复杂性,对教师的绩效评价就更应侧重于对教师教学过程的评价。许多研究者与管理者却把教师绩效评价曲解为“不正确”的教师评价,而把发展性教师评价神化为“正确”的教师评价。他们错误地认为教师绩效评价只能调动少部分人的积极性,绩效评价是针对过去的、对未来没有意义,唯有发展性教师评价才能促进教师发展,而教师绩效评价不能促进教师专业发展。实际上,发展性教师评价关于“自我实现的人”的人性假设及其人文主义的管理范式也有其内在的缺陷。虽然,发展性教师评价是更高境界的教师评价,但它必须以教师绩效评价所达到的严格、精确为现实基础。由于我国现阶段教师管理中面临的最严重的问题是科学化不足,因此,应当认真对待教师绩效评价,而不是盲目地推崇发展性教师评价。     

Development and exemplification of a model for Teacher Assessment in Primary Science

ABSTRACT

The Teacher Assessment in Primary Science project is funded by the Primary Science Teaching Trust and based at Bath Spa University. The study aims to develop a whole-school model of valid, reliable and manageable teacher assessment to inform practice and make a positive impact on primary-aged children’s learning in science. The model is based on a data-flow ‘pyramid’ (analogous to the flow of energy through an ecosystem), whereby the rich formative assessment evidence gathered in the classroom is summarised for monitoring, reporting and evaluation purposes [Nuffield Foundation. (2012). Developing policy, principles and practice in primary school science assessment. London: Nuffield Foundation]. Using a design-based research (DBR) methodology, the authors worked in collaboration with teachers from project schools and other expert groups to refine, elaborate, validate and operationalise the data-flow ‘pyramid’ model, resulting in the development of a whole-school self-evaluation tool. In this paper, we argue that a DBR approach to theory-building and school improvement drawing upon teacher expertise has led to the identification, adaptation and successful scaling up of a promising approach to school self-evaluation in relation to assessment in science.     

Discovering Plate Boundaries in Data-integrated Environments: Preservice Teachers' Conceptualization and Implementation of Scientific Practices

Drawn from the norms and rules of their fields, scientists use variety of practices, such as asking questions and arguing based on evidence, to engage in research that will contribute to our understanding of Earth and beyond. In this study, we explore how preservice teachers' learn to teach scientific practices while teaching plate tectonic theory. In particular, our aim is to observe which scientific practices preservice teachers use while teaching an earth science unit, how do they integrate these practices into their lessons, and what challenges do they face during their first time teaching of an earth science content area integrated with scientific practices. The study is designed as a qualitative, exploratory case study of seven preservice teachers while they were learning to teach plate tectonic theory to a group of middle school students. The data were driven from the video records and artifacts of the preservice teachers' learning and teaching processes as well as written reflections on the teaching. Intertextual discourse analysis was used to understand what scientific practices preservice teachers choose to integrate into their teaching experience. Our results showed that preservice teachers chose to focus on four aspects of scientific practices: (1) employing historical understanding of how the theory emerged, (2) encouraging the use of evidence to build up a theory, (3) observation and interpretation of data maps, and (4) collaborative practices in making up the theory. For each of these practices, we also looked at the common challenges faced by preservice teachers by using constant comparative analysis. We observed the practices that preservice teachers decided to use and the challenges they faced, which were determined by what might have come as in their personal history as learners. Therefore, in order to strengthen preservice teachers' background, college courses should be arranged to teach important scientific ideas through scientific practices. In addition, such practices should also reflect the authentic practices of earth scientists such as use of historical record and differentiating observation versus interpretation.     

美国《2005年城市地区学生科学能力试验性评估》报告简述

美国国家教育进步评估（NAEP）是目前美国国内唯一连续长期的中小学生学业成绩测量体系．NAEP于2006年11月公布了《2005年美国城市地区学生科学能力试验性评估》报告,展示了美国10个学区4年级和8年级学生的科学能力评估的结果,通过该报告揭示了美国各州与学区在教育工作上的不足,为改进教育工作提供参考。     

Enhancing and Assessing Preservice Teachers' Integration and Expression of Mathematical Knowledge

The construction of concept maps and the writing of interpretive essays in mathematics courses for preservice and continuing teachers provide students with rich learning experiences and yield substantial insights into the degree of connectedness of their knowledge with respect to a given topic. With this dual approach students are given the opportunity to express their knowledge in different ways, which allows for individual differences in learning styles and verifies the relationships illustrated. As students actively participate in the task of developing connections between related concepts, reflect on their thinking, and become engaged in mathematical discourse, students are provided with an opportunity to mature mathematically and to experience an alternative approach to instruction and assessment. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

论小学科学教师PCK的内涵及其发展策略

学科教学知识(PCK)是教师知识的核心,发展PCK是教师专业发展的重要途径。文章阐述小学科学教师PCK的内涵,即教师为适应不同能力和兴趣的小学生,在将特定科学知识转化为学生易于理解的课堂教学形式时所使用的知识,它由小学科学课程知识、学习者知识、教学策略知识和学习评价知识构成。小学科学教师PCK的发展策略主要有:根据PCK内涵进行反思;加强专业阅读,进一步学习科学知识和科学教育知识;在学习共同体成员的交流中建构PCK。     

试论行为表现评估模式——英语课堂教学的形成性评价

本文通过对比分析英语教学的传统考试模式与行为表现评估模式,说明行为表现评估的正确使用有利于以人为本、重视学生能力发展的外语教学思想的贯彻,有利于学生学习自主性、创造性的培养。广大教师因此需要清晰认识行为表现评估,有效地评估学生英语学习的行为表现,使得教师和学生将课堂语言学习与实际生活联系起来,从而促进英语课堂教学模式的改革。     

论指向教师专业发展的动态评估

教师专业发展是教育发展的必然要求。通过动态评估这一特殊的价值判断活动,可以有效地获得教师专业发展过程的信息,并利用这些信息为教师专业发展提供动力,指引教师专业发展方向。为达到上述目的,我们必须遵循动态评估的原则,并在此基础上明确评估主体,进而实施动态评估。     

透视数学表现性评价

数学表现性评价创设具体情境，从“做”中评价数学知识与技能：它凸显数学化思想，分层评价发现问题、解决问题的能力；而且它更新评价理念，全方位关注学生的数学情感与态度．我们要重视数学表现性评价，进行“测验嵌入式”和“教学嵌入式”数学表现性评价的实践研究．     

美国基于标准的优秀教师认证评价开发研究

认证评价是对标准文本的实践解读,是使教学标准从文本状态转化为实践状态的手段和桥梁。舒尔曼团队的研究为美国基于标准的认证评价开发奠定了理论基础;以档案袋评价取代传统评价方式,为认证评价开发确立了基调;使认证评价能够用来评价极度复杂的、真实的教学实践,并使认证评价能够促进教师的专业发展,是美国优秀教师专业教学标准委员会评价开发的重点;管理上的可行性、专业领域的可接受性、公众方面的可信任性、法律方面的可辩护性、经济方面的可负担性是对评价开发者的理念和成果进行评估的标准。     

An Examination of How Science Teachers' Experiences in a Culture of Collaboration Inform Technology Implementation

This paper presents a case study of Technology Enhanced Secondary Science Instruction (TESSI), a school-university collaboration designed to explore what can be accomplished when teachers and researchers work together to bring technology into the secondary science classroom. Features that contributed to a successful and powerful collaboration are explored. The paper illustrates how a culture of collaboration may contribute to significant technological reform, and foster conceptual change leading to distinctive pedagogy and praxis. The findings support Kimmel and Deek's contention that teachers should take a central role in reforms that direct the implementation of technologies within the classroom. The study highlights the value of drawing upon teacher experience, perspectives, and knowledge of classroom contexts, and illustrates how these may serve as a basis for designing successful technology implementation.     

表现性评价在实验教学中的应用

实验教学中采用表现性评价具有可行性。结合实验教学,从教师实施评价、学生参与评价、成绩评定3方面讨论了表现性评价在实验教学中的应用,并提出有关的建议。     

论教师专业发展评价的准则与方法

教师专业发展与评价的导向密不可分。评价的准则规定我们评什么与不评什么。教师专业发展应与其评价准则是相一致的。从专业伦理与专业精神、专业的能力、学科专业和通识文化知识、研究意识和能力等方面,采用自主参与、质的评价、标准相对、过程互动等方法来促进教师的专业发展是教师专业发展评价所需要的。