Education,Equality and Social Cohesion: A distributional approach

Promoting social cohesion through education has re-emerged as an important policy objective in many countries during the past decade. But there is little clarity in policy discussions about what social cohesion means and how education may affect it. In this article we distinguish between social capital and societal cohesion and argue that education acts in differential ways on each. Using comparative, cross-country analysis, we develop a 'distributional model' which shows the relationship between equality of educational outcomes and various measures of social cohesion. In the final part of the article we discuss theories explaining the cross-country trends and variations in educational inequality and social inheritance in education, and argue that education system characteristics, such as degrees of 'comprehensiveness' in secondary schooling, may be an important factor in both. We conclude by arguing that policies to increase social cohesion through education must pay more attention to the reduction of educational equality than they currently do.     

文学教育与民族凝聚力

文学教育应该是在平等的基础上,在双向互动中来完成的,但目前的文学传播与教育却是单向流动的,由占主流地位的汉民族文学向各少数民族流动,由强势文化向弱势文化流动。最有效的解决方式就是在高校开设少数民族文学史课程,少数民族要一如继往地熟读汉民族经典,汉民族也应该全面系统地深入了解少数民族文学,汲取双方文学作品中所承载和蕴涵的生存智慧和精神力量,从民族身份的认同升华到民族文化和核心价值观的认同。     

The Ethics of Social Cohesion

With trust as its antecedent, social capital comprises the potential capacities of a people to prosper. Building on the presence of social capital, social cohesion involves the internalization of social ethics and constitutes the level of realized propensity among citizens to engage in virtuous behavior for the common good. This theory elaboration asserts that social cohesion is defined largely by the autonomy of the individual to do good across group dynamics and organizational boundaries. The degree to which they act in a way that is beneficent to society as a whole is the degree to which we could say they have been "cohered" to that society.     

教育问题

顺利生产Sabrina一个人照顾孩子经常忙的手忙脚乱,为了替好友分忧,Lily、James和Elena等一行朋友前去帮忙。结果,丝毫没有经验的一帮人不仅让宝宝大器,还因为给宝宝取名字而闹出不少笑话。     

The Corporate Stake in Social Cohesion

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a function that transcends, but includes, making profits, creating jobs, and producing goods and services. The effectiveness with which corporations perform this function determines their contribution (or lack of contribution) to social cohesion. This article therefore presents a discussion of some of the social cohesion issues involving corporations, particularly concerns over how corporations make profits, create jobs, hire, promote, fire, treat shareholders, run their boards, and give back to the communities in which they function. Most of these functions depend on the quality of corporate governance, which in turn has implications for social cohesion. The article begins with a discussion of the concept of CSR. Then it presents an identification and discussion of some corporate behaviors that promote CSR in the following areas: governance; employment practices; and involvement in communities, environmental protection, and ethical investment. In conclusion, successful business strategy that contributes to social cohesion in society is that which fosters integrity in internal governance while promoting positive engagement in communities in which corporations operate.     

Recentering and Realigning the SAT Score Distributions: How and Why

The process employed to produce the conversions that take scores from the original SAT scales to recentered scales, in which reference group scores are centered near the midpoint of the score-reporting range, is laid out. For the purposes of this article, SAT Verbal and SAT Mathematical scores were placed on recentered scales, which have reporting ranges of 920 to 980, means of 950, and standard deviations of 11. (The 920-to-980 scale is used in this article to highlight the distinction between it and the old 200-to-800 scale. In actuality, recentered scores were reported on a 200-to-800 scale.) Recentering was accomplished via a linear transformation of normally distributed scores that were obtained from a continuized, smoothed frequency distribution of original SAT scores that were originally on augmented two-digit scales (i.e., discrete scores rounded to either 0 or 5 in the third decimal place). These discrete scores were obtained for all students in the 1990 Reference Group using 35 different editions of the SAT spanning October 1988 to June 1990. The performance of this 1990 Reference Group on the original and recentered scales is described. The effects of recentering on scores of individuals and the 1990 Reference Group are also examined. Finally, recentering did not occur solely on the basis of its technical merit. Issues associated with converting recentering from a possibility into a reality are discussed.     

The Social Cohesion Role of the Public Sector

Social cohesion, the "glue" that keeps a society together, is influenced by the various sectors or "pillars" of that society-educational institutions, social and religious institutions, business institutions, and government. In this article, the effect of the three branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial) on social cohesion is explored. In addition, this article also explores the dyadic relationship between government and the other pillars of society. Finally, the role of national symbols, mottoes, pledges, and language on social cohesion is addressed. Examples from both "cohesive" and "balkanized" societies are explored.     

本科生教育与研究生教育衔接方式的国际比较

本科生教育与研究生教育衔接方式的多样化是实现研究生教育目标多样化的必要条件。本文在借鉴美日两国本科生教育与研究生教育衔接方式的基础上,认为我国必须构建本科生教育与研究生教育多样化的衔接方式。改革学位授予制度、打破研究生教育的封闭性、构建多样化的高校研究生教育基层组织形式是重要的突破口。     

试论创业教育与专业教育的有效衔接

目前,我国大学生的创业意识、创业勇气、创业技能还比较薄弱,创业教育的系统性和有效性明显不足。本文总结了创业教育与专业教育中所存在的课程、课堂、实践三方面脱节现象,对两者融合进行了思考,提出要通过构建专业+创业教育课程体系、创建仿真+全真创业实践平台、创建校内+校外创业实践基地等途径,同时通过完善系统管理、师资管理、评价考核保障机制来提升两者的衔接。     

Egypt's National Education Debate

This study examines the vigorous dialectic presently occurring between intellectuals, religious leaders and politicians trying to define the appropriate role of Islam in education in Egypt. The study highlights the ideological disjunction between a small but powerful élite who are the 'gatekeepers' of education policy and a polity that is calling for a greater infusion of Islamic instruction in the national education system. This study illustrates the challenges of Egypt's policy-makers in sustaining an education system with goals that are interpreted by many to be inconsistent, contradictory or counter to the collective socio-religious prerogatives of the society at large.     

Entitlement: The Coming Debate on Higher Education

There are differing opinions about how to achieve the national goal of “No Child Left Behind.” Concerns involve relevance and fairness of tests students must pass, merits and drawbacks of retention policies, access to tutoring, qualification of teachers, and sufficient funding. These issues may expand to include debate about whether college and vocational training should become an entitlement. Related factors are rising tuition, financial aid, demographic changes, career planning, curriculum practicality, and labor market forecasts.     

哲学与技艺:论《普罗塔戈拉》的教育之争

《普罗塔戈拉》记叙了年轻的苏格拉底初始登上公共教育舞台,通过挑战普罗塔戈拉从而宣称一种新的教育方案的故事。澄清普罗塔戈拉与苏格拉底的教育之争,可以进一步探究苏格拉底教育理念的背景与发端。普罗塔戈拉对德性教育进行世俗化的改造,他用"技艺知识"取代了内在的德性,用修辞术和法律取代了统治的智慧和正义。苏格拉底试图重建人们对内在德性的追求,他的教育建立在"整全知识"和"美德即知识"的假设上,他一方面为公民塑造了有利于"节制"的"知识神话",另一方面鼓励智慧者"勇敢"地热爱智慧、追求智慧。由此,苏格拉底的哲学教育是通过"整全知识"统合"节制"与"勇敢"的教育,他提醒人是追求美好的动物,但人必须节制而勇敢地忍受着追求美好过程中注定的艰难与失败。     

社会资本、社会融合与健康获得--以城市流动人口为例

中国特殊的社会转型背景为研究社会资本与健康获得的关系提供了很好的社会场景,尤其是迁移过程中社会资本发生巨大转变的流动人口,以他们为对象研究这一影响机制显得更有价值和意义。本文应用2012年武汉市流动人口的抽样调查数据,采用验证性因素分析和结构方程模型分析了社会资本影响健康获得的作用机制。研究发现社会资本是通过积极作用于社会融合,从而提升了流动人口的健康获得水平,社会融合在社会资本对健康获得的影响机制中发挥着完全中介效应,社会融合对生理健康和心理健康的影响效应是一致性的。此外,本文还对个体社会资本量表和SF－36量表在流动人口中的信度和效度进行了验证分析,取得了良好的效果。     

The Social Cohesion Role of Educational Organizations: Primary and Secondary Schools

Schools have long been recognized as key institutions affecting social cohesion. Schools foster or retard student tolerance, respect for diverse others, and sense of overarching common identity and values. They prepare citizens with the knowledge and skills needed to participate effectively in a democracy. Schools themselves are an object of democratic participation. Thus, schools affect social cohesion both through their affect on students and through their conduct as societal institutions. This article reviews a variety of means by which schools can either promote or erode social cohesion.     

未成年人思想道德建设的社会合力体系研究

未成年人的思想道德建设是关系广大青少年健康成长,关系亿万家庭切身利益,关系国家前途和民族命运的重大议题。要形成政府、社会、学校、家庭的巨大合力,才能不断推进未成年人思想道德建设进程。本文分析了我国未成年人思想道德存在的主要问题,探讨了未成年人不良思想道德形成的现实原因,并提出解决问题的长效机制,以构建未成年人思想道德建设合力的体系框架。     

Engineering Education in Israel: Situation,Debate and Prospects

This paper focuses on the current situation of engineering education in Israel, the debate over the ways to manage it, and the prospects that a balanced education policy can entail for socio-economic development. Two degrees in engineering, the BTech and BSc, are described. It transpired that the BTech failed to meet the expectations. From the on-going debate about the situation, the need for a balanced policy for engineering education has emerged. This policy is outlined and it is shown that it can not only improve the BTech situation, but also Israel's national innovation system by viewing ‘research’ and ‘applied’ engineers as complementary to, rather than competing with, each other. It is also suggested that this balanced policy should implement project-based instruction in the engineering curriculum, both in the BTech and BSc programmes.     

模块化:德国职业教育的改革与争论

重新修订的德国<联邦职业教育法>中增加了职业教育领域实施模块化课程的规定,这是德国教育界对双元制实施过程中暴露的缺陷的回应.本文通过总结德国职业教育领域模块化改革的起因与现状,分析职业教育模块化改革的特征及实施情况,以期为我国职业教育的模块化改革提供借鉴.