托幼服务治理模式国际比较及中国路径选择

在后工业化、老龄化、全球化等背景下,增加托幼服务供给成为全球性的政策选择。经过几十年的发展,西方发达国家的托幼服务治理模式存在显著的制度差异,形成了三种典型的托幼服务治理模式:托幼整合模式(以瑞典为例)、托幼分离的双轨模式(以法国为例)和托幼关系复杂的多元模式(以美国为例)。不同治理模式的形成和变革受制于其所处的社会、经济和制度环境,在发展中也面临着不同的挑战。新时期我国建构托幼服务治理体系应该采用分阶段策略,建立合理的成本分担机制,鼓励地方实践的多元化,并最终完成托幼服务的整合。     

The Changing Practitioner Role in Early Childhood Centres: multiple shifts and contradictory forces

This article focuses on the role profile of early childhood practitioners against a background of multiple shifts in the social context and socio‐political climate of early childhood education and care. Mechanisms of change include the unification of the two former German states, new legislation on child and youth services, the reform of steering systems at a local government level and an increasing marketisation and deregulation of services. Practitioners are potential key links in the process of repositioning early childhood centres in the current ‘quality debate’. The need for a newly defined role profile which effectively combines a more family‐centred approach towards young children's learning biographies and a more community‐centred focus on multicultural networking systems is discussed. Practitioners find themselves at the heart of simultaneous and contradictory change forces which may be perceived as a threat, or as a chance to raise the political status of early childhood education and care in the public domain and to reconstruct their own professional self‐image.     

新公共管理学视域中的第三部门失灵:类型、治理与模式

新公共管理理论在突破管制行政视野的一个重要支点 ,就是对第三部门治理作用的重视 ,形成视域偏好。然而 ,近年来新公共管理学却开始关注第三部门失灵问题 ,这具有重要意义。其理论意义在于 :这是突破公共管理学视域偏好的盲点、创新发展的重要路径 ;其现实意义在于 :对第三部门内在缺陷和可能出现的失灵问题的批判性反思 ,将是完善公共性社会的重要条件。因此 ,必须要科学选择和精心构筑相应的治理模式 ,以防止第三部门失灵造成的严重危害     

Tackling the Phenomenon of Elder Abuse in Italy: A Review of Existing Legislation and Policies as a Learning Resource

In Italy, data and information on prevalence and characteristics of elder abuse are very limited, and a specific legal and policy framework is lacking. Some articles of the Penal Code refer to the larger context of violence against disadvantaged groups, and some general support services not specifically dedicated to this issue are managed by local municipalities. In this context, empirical research is useful for disseminating information and implementation of good practices. Such research indicates future directions for the education of the public and training of professionals on the prevention, detection, and treatment of abusive practices.     

我国经济欠发达城市社区养老服务的问题及路径选择——以开封市的调查为例

从我国社区养老服务发展的现状来看,我国经济欠发达城市在社区养老服务方面普遍存在着服务基础设施不足、服务的内容单一、养老服务水平与质量低下、专业工作人员与志愿服务人员缺乏和老年人自身的参与度低等问题。以开封市社区养老服务为例,“他助”（即政府、社会和家庭）与“自助”（社区和老年人自身）的社区养老服务思路可以对完善我国经济欠发达地区社区养老服务提供帮助。     

全球化语境下文化的挑战与文化的自信

在经济全球化发展语境中，化正处于普遍交往的状态。而化的普遍交往，将使民族化特别是发展中国家的民族化受到严峻挑战。经济全球化既使化受到挑战，也将使其获得发展创新的环境。中国民族化在发展过程中，也正在受到挑战。面对挑战，我们要对中国化有正确的认识和评价，并要具有创新精神，大力发展化产业，这样才能获得化的自信。     

Institutional Innovation and Public Extension Services Provision: The Marche Regional Administration Reform in Central Italy

Abstract

This paper describes how Marche Regional Administration (MRA) introduced an innovative institutional reform of an Agricultural Knowledge and Information System (AKIS) in central Italy. In order to study the main features of the MRA reform we used a methodological approach based on three steps: (i) first we applied a desk analysis to sketch the main elements of the reform; (ii) we then analyzed farmers' assessment of the institutional change by using information derived from a field survey on a sample of beneficiaries, and (iii) using a focus group technique. We found that MRA reform introduced an institutional innovation in the domain of public extension services (ES) provision within the Italian context. However, the assessment of the short-term effects indicate that the original objectives of the reform have been only partially achieved. This is in line with other experiences presented in the literature and confirms the difficulties to introduce institutional innovation in the domain of AKIS. The paper describes the analysis of an institutional reform in the AKIS domain which has been considered a ‘best practice’ within the Italian context. Using an institutional analysis approach the paper provides an original way of looking at a ‘new’ model for organizing public ES.     

Day care homes can foster children's health

Conclusion Because so many infants and young children are cared for in family day care homes, these can play a very important role in the promotion of children's health. Parents and family day care home caregivers should work closely to provide adequate child health supervision, emergency care, nutrition education, mental health services, and sick care services. Further documentation of the health-service needs in this area would be useful in indicating where in-service training and health education for parents and caregivers should be concentrated. Health professionals from both private and public agencies should begin to direct their efforts on behalf of the many children who are cared for in family day care homes and to utilize these as resources for health promotion and disease prevention.     

A Nordic Perspective on Early Childhood Education and Care Policy

The national policies and historical roots of early childhood education (ECE) vary from society to society. In the Nordic countries, early childhood education and care (ECEC) policies have been built in the context of the welfare state. As such, they are closely connected to other welfare policy areas such as social policy, family policy and education policy, in addition to which a close relationship with labour policy is also evident. This article sheds light on the historical roots of Nordic ECEC policies by describing the commonalities and differences between the Nordic countries. The ‘Nordic model’ is commonly described as integrated. Education, teaching and caring form an integrated unit and the term early childhood education and care is therefore typically used when describing the ‘Nordic model’. It is also said to be based on a child-centred, holistic approach with an emphasis on participation, democracy, autonomy and freedom, while its track record of high quality ECE services is considered to be due in part to the use of a well-trained workforce. The Nordic countries are, however, developing and redefining their ECEC policies in the global economic and cultural context, in which governments have to choose their priorities. Pressure to standardize ECE services is also apparent, and signs of erosion of the key elements of the Nordic model have been seen in recent policy debates. This paper discusses the current direction of Nordic ECE policy making and the future of the Nordic model.     

家庭教养、社会公众支持与特殊儿童生活满意度——基于新疆伊宁市172份特殊儿童问卷调查

特殊儿童的生活满意度普遍低于正常儿童。家庭教养和社会公众支持作为儿童社会系统的两个重要组成部分,对特殊儿童生活的满意度具有显著的影响。特殊机构福利组织教养可以弥补家庭教养的弊端,并且提高社会公众支持水平。要提高特殊儿童的生活满意度,特殊儿童的教养方式应由家庭教养向社会福利机构教养转变。     

Trans-nationalization of educational policy making: from European innovation projects in adult education to an emerging European space for lifelong learning: what model for the European vocational education and training policy?

This article is drawn from broader qualitative research on innovation in the field of professional adult training within the framework of European pilot projects such as the LEONARDO projects. This research aims at contributing to a general understanding of the phenomenon of innovation, in the context of European calls for projects, as an instrument of the European Vocational Education and Training (VET) Policy, which is supposed to transform the national training systems of EU member states according to the Lisbon Strategy. For this article, the author has chosen to present some of the results of the analysis of the European VET Policy and its transition to a lifelong learning policy. The first part of this article describes the conceptual framework and more especially three of the main concepts examined: public policy, social innovation and European space. The second part distinguishes three periods in the European VET policy’s history, identified through a genealogical examination from its first step within the European Coal and Steel Community to the present lifelong learning policy. The third part highlights the specificity of this supranational public policy model and the links between the European VET policy, the LEONARDO programme and the pilot projects. In conclusion, this article supports the idea of antagonistic logics in the evolution of this policy, on at least three levels: decision-making powers, conception of VET systems and conception of learning.     

Kinderbetreuungspolitik in Deutschland

Childcare Policy in Germany: Scope for Demand side Subsidies German day care policy is a perfect example of the provision of social services in a neocorporatist fashion. Day care centers are primarily financed from the local community budget. From this budget, the community runs public day care centers or subsidies Non-Profit Organizations which provide day care for children. In established negotiations on the community level, representatives of the NPOs and the public providers decide on the supply of slots in day care centers. In this paper, we argue that this particular mode of financing and monitoring children’s day care has contributed to a rather conservative childcare policy in Germany. Being dependent on the very restricted local budget, communities are confined to conduct a daycare policy, which solely offers a minimum provision of public day care. We suggest a radical reform of German day care policy. Instead of the subsiding public institutions and NPOs, we suggest to support the use of day care by demand side subsides. In this context, we describe some features of a child care voucher model in Germany.     

Social work and social care: the struggle for knowledge

This article, written in the context of the redefinition of public service professionalism, and the roles of public service professionals by government policies and market interventions, examines the role and implications of the new movements of welfare state service users for professional practice, knowledge and analysis. Its particular focus is the field of social work and social care. It raises questions about the nature, purpose and social relationships of research, the credibility and claims of different knowledges, and the relationship between direct experience, research and knowledge. This article argues that currently a hidden battle is taking place in the context of social care between traditional sources of knowledge and service users' knowledges. It sets out ways of enabling the equal inclusion of service users and their knowledges, and suggests that this is likely to be supportive of progressive understandings of professionalism and public service, as well as contributing to more appropriate, rights-based approaches to policy and practice in public service occupations     

Learning from Errors at Work: A Replication Study in Elder Care Nursing

Learning from errors is an important way of learning at work. In this article, we analyse conditions under which elder care nurses use errors as a starting point for the engagement in social learning activities (ESLA) in the form of joint reflection with colleagues on potential causes of errors and ways to prevent them in future. The goal of our study was to investigate whether exploratory findings from an earlier study on hospital nurses’ ESLA (Bauer and Mulder Learning in Health and Social Care 6:121–133, 2011) replicate and generalise to the domain of elder care nursing. For this purpose, we surveyed a sample of N?=?180 elder care nurses using vignette-based questionnaires. With these data, we tested a mediation model of nurses’ ESLA suggested by the earlier study. We firstly found a statistically significant indirect effect of error strain on ESLA that is completely mediated by the estimation of an error as relevant for learning (β?=?.16). Secondly, the perception of a safe social team climate at work has a statistically significant indirect effect on ESLA that is completely mediated by nurses’ tendency to cover up errors (β?=?.31). These results entirely cross-validate the exploratory findings of Bauer and Mulder (Learning in Health and Social Care 6:121–133, 2011) on hospital nurses’ ESLA and show that they generalise to the domain of elder care nursing.     

基于因子分析法的粤东地区经济发展研究

粤东地区经济发展迅速,同时面临经济底子薄、产业结构不合理、长期倚重轻工业产业等问题,推动粤东区域经济大发展对广东全省经济协调与可持续发展意义重大．本文选取经济发展因素、社会发展因素、政府管理因素、对外开放因素和区域创新因素等5大类25个指标构建区域经济发展水平评价体系,运用因子分析法对粤东地区和珠三角、粤西、山区地区经济发展水平进行实证研究,客观反映该地区所处的经济发展阶段和整体实力水平、第一产业发展滞后及政府管理意志较强等发展状态,提出该地区应积极承接珠三角地区的产业转移、围绕主导产业推动农业产业化发展、加快政府职能转变提供公共服务、加大人才培养和引入提高区域人力资本存量和创新能力等建议．     

家庭托育点规范化发展的国际经验及启示--基于政策工具的视角

在日本、法国、英国、丹麦、澳大利亚、加拿大等国,家庭托育是其托育服务体系的重要组成部分,所以这些国家都形成了相对完善的家庭托育政策管理体系。从国际经验来看,虽然家庭托育的服务类型多样,但是纳入监管的主要是由有资质(注册)的照护人员在自己家(或租赁的住宅)中提供保教结合的服务内容的家庭托育点,政府责任以保障兜底服务为主,广泛使用了权威工具、激励工具和能力建设工具,包括明确行政主管部门与家庭托育点的准入标准和审批流程,给予财政和非财政支持,加强师资培训和质量监管,等等。当前虽然我国很多城市普遍兴起家庭托育点,但是尚未出台关于家庭托育点的管理规范与措施。借鉴国际相关公共管理经验,我国应构建符合利益相关者的家庭托育政策目标,合理运用政策权威工具,建立全方位安全监管体系,组合配置激励工具与能力建设工具,支持家庭托育点规范有序发展,以满足婴幼儿家庭对具备收托幼儿数量少、师幼配比高、收托时间灵活、送托距离近等诸多便利条件的家庭托育点的需求。     

Negative expertise: comparing differently tenured elder care nurses' negative knowledge

Negative expertise is conceptualised as the professional's ability to avoid errors during practice due to certain cognitive agencies. In this study, negative knowledge (i.e. knowledge about what is wrong in a certain context and situation) is conceptualised as one such agency. This study compares and investigates the negative knowledge of elder care nurses at three different levels of professional experience. Thereby, various forms of negative knowledge—declarative, procedural, self-reflective and vicarious—are investigated. Moreover, the specificity of negative knowledge is compared across different levels of professional experience. Verbal data was collected from a prompting task study of 37 elder care nurses. These were prompted 20 diagnoses of varying typicality for the professional field. The nurses were asked what was critical to pay attention to and what ought to be avoided in case of these diagnoses. The study's results reveal a significant superiority of highly tenured elder care nurses in vicarious negative knowledge, as well as in highly specified negative knowledge. Procedural and procedural negative knowledge (PNK)—which are the most important facets in quantitative terms—show an approximately parallel developmental pattern among the different groups. For declarative knowledge, a U-shaped intermediate effect was discovered. It is concluded that PNK has the most immediate error-preventive function. With regards to future research, the great specificity of highly tenured elder care nurses' negative knowledge discovered in this study is discussed here as one possible explanation as to why they are able to intentionally avoid errors (i.e. their negative expertise).     

医疗行业新闻报道架构研究

近年来,日益紧张的医患关系不仅严重威胁到医护人员的生命安全、影响到医疗服务,同时也成为影响社会稳定的重要因素.为此,课题研究小组以新浪新闻搜索引擎获取近10年的医疗行业新闻报道文本,然后运用内容分析法对医疗行业新闻报道的架构及其所构建的医护人员的媒介形象进行了分析,以探寻媒体在这种社会情绪的形成中究竟发挥了何种功能.研究发现,媒体对医疗行业的新闻报道集中在医疗改革语境下的医患关系、医护人员的职业道德等方面,媒体对医护人员的群体职业形象塑造总体倾向是正面和客观的.但是,研究也发现,媒介对医疗行业的新闻报道还存在信源比较单一、新闻文体比例失衡、对新闻事实的报道多于理性的舆论引导等问题.今后,媒体在报道医患关系的时候应该多听取来自专家以及专业人士的理性分析,引导患者与公众客观、理性地对待医患关系,解决医患矛盾,还应加强对医疗行业的深度报道,引导公众从宏观层面理解医患矛盾,等等.     

团组织在服务高职院校大学生创业中的问题及对策

近年来随着国家教育行政部门将大学生创业工作摆在突出位置,高等职业院校中和青年学生联系紧密的团组织应当认识到服务大学生创业工作的重要意义。本文结合高职院校共青团组织的特点介绍了其在服务大学生创业工作中的基本模式,并梳理了团组织在既有服务模式下存在的一些弊端与不足。并且在创业孵化器和创业环境理论的指导下,结合实际,也提出了解决问题与提升团组织整体服务水平的一些对策。     

Considerations for Sexuality Education and Services for LGB Elders

Sexuality education and health services for elderly individuals who reside in care settings (e.g., assisted living facilities, nursing homes, retirement communities) have received limited attention in the professional literature. However, the lack of sexual health promotion practices in elder care facilities can be detrimental to older adults’ overall health and quality of life. Barriers to sexuality education services for lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) elders are explored and include history of LGB equality in the United States and lack of social support, as well as discrimination among formal care facilities and health care professionals. The Community Readiness Model (CRM) is proposed for addressing these barriers. The purpose of the CRM is to assess readiness characteristics of a community before program implementation and then build capacity with programming in that community for support and education. Sexuality educators currently have the opportunity to develop and implement sexual health education and promotion resources that can potentially improve the quality of life for LGB individuals transitioning into the latter stages of the life course.