中国内地、香港及美国数学教育比较

中国内地、香港以及美国数学教育的特点和差异化主要体现在:中国内地重视数学基础教育,重视学习交流;香港教育竞争激烈,基础条件好,重视交流和实施,通过案例说明了他们良好的数学基础和学习能力;美国数学教育注重实用,基础较弱的特点,并对中美数学教育进行了比较.随着国家越来越重视基础教育,数学作为其中一门重要的基础学科,也应更受关注.     

Higher Education: The Experience of the United States

The United States has been well served by its higher education system that, historically, was the product of two philosophies: commitment to the discovery and furtherance of knowledge and fulfillment of the needs of the people. The interaction of these twin philosophies has been tempered by four movements: (i) public control of higher education institutions through boards of trustees; (ii) open admissions for high school graduates; (iii) the university in service to the community; and (iv) the increasing importance of federally funded research. Only in its ability to influence foreign policy formation has American higher education proven itself to be less effective than in the other areas.     

Mathematics education in the United States: past to present

This article presents a historical review of mathematics education since the late 1950s in the United States. Three themes are used to organize the literature reviewed in the article: (a) broad sociopolitical forces, particularly highly publicized educational policy statements; (b) trends in mathematics research; and (c) theories of learning and instruction. At times, these themes coincide, as was the case in the 1990s. In other cases, such as the recent push for educational accountability, these themes conflict. Nonetheless, the themes go a long way to explain the serpentine nature of reform in the United States over the last 45 years. This article also attempts to account for developments in special education as well as general education research, something that does not appear in most historical presentations of mathematics education.     

现行美国教育体制

美国现行的教育体制构建在两个理想的前提上,一是必须保证所有的人接受基础教育,但由于各州经济状况的不同而导致基础教育发展不平衡;一是必须保证所有人都有接受高等教育的权利和机会。美国教育体制下存在公助和私助两种办学模武,他们更强调教会学生创新和独立思考,一些学校正进行改革试验,并取得了一定成效。     

私有化与美国高等教育财政的新趋势

1990年以来,私有化成为美国高等教育发展的主流趋势。众多大学热衷于资助与企业合作的教育研究项目,并且积极参与商业活动。在高等教育领域中,营利性大学呈现出最为积极的发展态势。此外,各种形式的学生经济资助力度的加大使得美国高等教育财政发生了翻天覆地的变化。对于公立和私立大学而言,私有化均意味着市场力量的大力介入。本文从以下三个视角审视美国高等教育财政的发展变化:考察1990年以来高等教育私有化的宏观发展趋势,分析该时期高等教育在校生规模、大学学费及其收入支出的变化趋势,研究当前经济危机对公立和私立高等教育部门产生的影响。大学学费的稳步增长使美国高等教育财政由政府资助转向学生及其家庭分担。学生经济资助,尤其是联邦学生贷款的大幅增长对美国高等教育财政产生了重要影响,而这种影响作用在私立非营利性大学、公立大学、私立营利性大学的表现是截然不同的。最后,私有化潮流对不同性质高等教育机构的财政及其学术研究产生了不同的动态影响。面对高校收入来源及其总额的变化,美国大学的高度自主特质使得各院校必须独立作出适应,这也由此提升了高校对于市场力量的积极响应。     

美国博士生教育的多样性

多样性是美国高等教育的显著特征之一,美国博士生教育同样具有鲜明的多样性特征。博士生招生时间具有弹性、方式多种多样、条件机动灵活;在博士生的培养过程中,有着多样化的课程设置、学习方式和多元化的指导力量;博士生群体构成在性别、种／民族和国别上都充分展示其多元化特色。     

美国死亡教育发展概况

死亡教育(Death Education)是探讨与死亡相关主题的教育活动。在美国,从上个世纪50年代就开始正式兴起,最初是在大学中开设相关课程,并逐渐由大学扩展到中小学,由学校而进入社会。目前,已成立了多种相关的学术机构,各种普及性书籍、期刊、音像制品也大量发行。死亡教育在美国已经进入稳定发展阶段。本文着重介绍美国死亡教育的发展简史以及死亡教育的重要性、目标、内容、实施等内容。希望这些内容可以引起我国教育界对死亡教育的重视。     

The United States Regular Education Initiative

ABSTRACT

The Regular Education Initiative (REI) has been proposed in the United States as a means of integrating special education students into regular classes. REI has caused considerable debate as to its merits in both regular and special educational systems. The implications of this debate are discussed as well as specific problems and issues regarding REI.     

Population Education in the United States

Abstract

With the increased societal awareness of environmental issues, social scientists have expanded their examination of environmentally related topics. One component of this expansion has been the generation and growth of social theory which has the human-environment relationship at its core. This study is a further test of one of these theories, the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP). Using survey data, the relationship of the NEP to knowledge of environmentally relevant issues is examined. The results show ecological worldview as measured by the NEP scale has an independent influence on net environmental knowledge of other sociodemographic characteristics.     

美国高等教育经济学研究:几个主要研究问题

近几十年来,高等教育经济学的研究取得了蓬勃发展.本文在对该领域的研究成果进行系统梳理的基础上,归纳出美国高等教育经济学研究的五大主题并逐一进行述评,这五大主题分别是:高等教育的回报、高等教育的需求、大学的运作及成本、高等教育市场的竞争和学术劳动力市场.这些研究主题大多与美国高等教育领域的重大政策议题密切相关.     

Mathematics Achievement of Children in China and the United States

First and fifth graders in Beijing and Chicago were given a battery of mathematics test. Whether tested with problems requiring solely computation or with ones requiring application of knowledge about mathematics, American children's performance was consistently inferior to that of Chinese children. Interviews with American children suggested that they like mathematics, believe they are doing well in mathematics, and do not perceive mathematics as a difficult subject. American children's poor performance appears to be attributable, in part, to low motivation for devoting more attention to mathematics. Low standards held by American parents for academic achievement and lower interest in teaching mathematics by American teachers appear to contribute to American children's poor performance.     

The Changing Role of Higher Education in the United States

The role of higher education has changed in the United States. It has become a learning society where egalitarian pressures for equal opportunities led to the expansion of educational services to broader and more representative segments of society. Five propositions illustrate the current pressures for change. (1) Institutions of higher education no longer enjoy a monopoly on the provision of educational services. The learning society has given higher education new competition for the growing adult market. (2) The roles of education providers are increasingly blurred. (3) Higher education no longer has the full‐time commitment of students or of faculty. (4) Lifelong learning has become a lifelong necessity for almost everyone, which demands flexibility and responsiveness to change on the part of higher education. (5) A change is needed in the methods of teaching and learning to accommodate adult learners and to provide for the long‐ range needs of the learning society.     

美国高等教育网络化发展及其启示

主要从网络本身、政府、企业、大学、受教育者等5个角度，分析了美国高等教育网络化发展的原因，并在此基础上提出其对我国高等教育发展的启示。     

Christian Higher Education in the United States: The Crisis of Evangelical Identity

The Council for Christian Colleges & Universities (CCCU) is the most successful higher education organization to emerge from the modern American evangelical movement. Especially within the context of the United States, higher education has been a key element of neo-evangelicalism since the 1940s. Rather than choosing between biblical truth and cultural outreach, post–World War II neo-evangelicals called the church toward a thoughtful approach to address the needs of the world. The early movement was focused not only on evangelistic ministry efforts, but also on education as a primary means for shaping the culture. As modern evangelicalism took shape in the 1950s, the movement struggled to find a consistent moral voice. From early challenges related to the civil rights movement to current debates over poverty and immigration, evangelicals have engaged with cultural issues, but with a wide variety of strategies and viewpoints. Political issues have brought evangelicals into public life, and some leaders have used elections as the primary means for promoting moral concerns. Consequently, the public may often view U.S. evangelicals as activists concerned with political voting rather than as sincere followers of Christ who are committed to social ethics. Yet, the Christian college represents a significant platform for sustaining evangelical thought in public life. Evangelicalism has suffered a fracturing in the last decade or so, and the term now carries a negative connotation in some circles. Many colleges in the CCCU are searching for a new way to describe their evangelical identity. The historical meaning of the term evangelical focused on gospel proclamation and social reform. A return to this emphasis, as well as an alignment with the international focus of evangelical movement, can provide a more accurate and consistent legacy for evangelical institutions.     

Education of the refugee in the United States

Conclusion This historical survey of the educational goals developed on behalf of the immigrant and refugee in America indicates that there has been a complete cycle. The first systematic educational efforts, as we have shown, were aimed at teaching the immigrant the English language so that he would be useful for his tasks in American industry. Then came the period which extended this educational goal by offering instruction in several aspects of acculturation (officially, assimilation, but a concept which has never been put into effect in the history of America's minorities). The post-war period saw the stress on the academic level on the cultural democracy concept; but this ideal has been more academic than practical, and World War II saw no definite evidences of the popular interest in any Americanization program. The recent waves of refugees, bringing in more or less well-educatedindividuals, saw a revival of educational efforts on their behalf; but they differ from the former endeavors in their emphasis on individual education and on instruction in English. The social aspects of acculturation — featuring, in general, the period between World War I and II — have been entirely ignored 1).     

美国中小学艾滋病教育管窥

文章首先介绍了美国开展艾滋病教育的几个原则．之后结合美国疾病探制及预防中心开展的艾滋病教育调查介绍了美国艾滋病教育的总体概况．最后以最具代表性的纽约市作为个案介绍了地方是如何开展艾滋病教育的。     

美国的社会工作教育

慈善组织协会与《社会保障法》是直接推动美国社会工作教育诞生和发展的两大力量。社会工作教育委员会是负责制订与修改教育标准、评估各类学校的主要机构。不同层次的社会工作教育定位于不同的目标与功能。社会工作教育思想和模式随美国经济、社会的发展而发展,并将产生进一步的变化以更好地体现社会工作的基本价值,为美国社会服务。     

美国的医学教育

文章根据最新数据与资料，介绍了美国医学院的入学要求、招生情况、学费标准、学制、住院实习要求、学生教师及医生的外国人比例、美国医学教育的问题与改革等情况。文章的主要结论是，美国医学教育由于入学门槛高、对新生选拔严格、学制较长、训练严格，因此水平较高。但由于学费昂贵，美国医学院录取的外国学生很少。由于美国人口数量不断增加，未来美国医生数量短缺较严重，再加上生物医学等学科的快速发展，美国医学教育面临新的发展与改革压力。