就近入学与择校:两难问题何去何从

就近入学与择校是一个两难问题,尽管多数西方国家和少数发展中国家在20世纪80年代后尝试推行择校政策,但择校带来的问题也不少,引起的争议依然存在,没有一个国家找到了比较好的方法解决。在我国,就近入学是我国义务教育阶段的主要政策,但现实中择校广泛存在。解决这个两难问题,可以让部分地区先制定择校政策,待成熟后逐步推广。     

就近入学与择校的政策辨析

就近入学与择校是一对矛盾,当前,一是要促进教育资源均衡分布;二是要在择校操作过程中公开,公平,公正,以促进我国义务教育公平,促进社会和谐。     

School Choice in Sweden: Effects on Student Performance,School Costs,and Segregation

This article presents empirical analyses of the effects of independent schools in Sweden. The most important result is that the impact—both the positive and the negative—is relatively marginal. This said, there are now a number of studies that show that when independent schools are established the pupils in municipal schools perform better. Municipal school costs will, however, tend to rise marginally. The effects on school segregation are complex, but the tentative overall result is that independent schools may have added somewhat to the much more significant effect of increasing residential segregation.     

基于就近入学政策的学校选择权发展研究

就近入学是发达国家普及义务教育初期的一项重要教育政策,在这些国家给予家长一定的学校选择权后,就近入学政策仍得以保留。学校选择权作为受教育权有进一步延伸的趋势。具体到我国,中央政府在对待民间择校的问题,可以继续坚持就近入学为本,但可将学校选择权交由部分地方试点。     

Trends in Higher Education Course Choice of Secondary School Leavers in Malaysia

The study was aimed at examining trends in the higher education course choice of secondary school leavers in Malaysia and investigating the relationships of their course choice to their gender and socio‐economic background. The study uses a stratified‐random sample of secondary school students who are in their final year of secondary schooling. Data was collected through a questionnaire via the postal services. The results indicated that the higher education course choice of large proportions (78.8%) of secondary school leavers in Malaysia tended to be limited to only five degree courses. The findings reveal that except for engineering, the other four courses are non‐scientific in nature. In addition, school leavers of both genders expressed tended less towards the mathematical, computer, medical and natural sciences. These school leavers’ higher education course choice are significantly associated with their gender and socio‐economic background. Interpretations and implications of the results are also discussed.     

Perceived School and Neighborhood Safety, Neighborhood Violence and Academic Achievement in Urban School Children

Community and school violence continue to be a major public health problem, especially among urban children and adolescents. Little research has focused on the effect of school safety and neighborhood violence on academic performance. This study examines the effect of the school and neighborhood climate on academic achievement among a population of 3rd–5th grade students in an urban public school system. Community and school safety were assessed using the School Climate Survey, an annual City-wide assessment of student’s perception of school and community safety. Community violence was measured using the Neighborhood Inventory for Environmental Typology, an objective observational assessment of neighborhood characteristics. Academic achievement was measured using the Maryland State Assessment (MSA), a standardized exam given to all Maryland 3rd–8th graders. School Climate Data and MSA data were aggregated by school and grade. Objective assessments of neighborhood environment and students’ self-reported school and neighborhood safety were both strongly associated with academic performance. Increasing neighborhood violence was associated with statistically significant decreases from 4.2 to 8.7% in math and reading achievement; increasing perceived safety was associated with significant increases in achievement from 16 to 22%. These preliminary findings highlight the adverse impact of perceived safety and community violence exposure on primary school children’s academic performance.     

School Reputation as a Site of Struggle: An Investigation of the Impact of School Choice in Washington,DC on a Neighborhood Public School

The Urban Review - In this article, I draw on interviews with teachers and administrators at a secondary neighborhood public school in Washington, DC about their perceptions of how the school is...     

美国基础教育阶段择校的最新发展与实施成效

近二十年来,择校在美国规模不断扩大,形式日趋多样。除学券计划外,各种税收抵免和教育储蓄账户应运而生,一部分公立学校也打开校门,实施"开放入学"政策。每种择校形式内,又有不同的变式。不过,由于家长和学生的择校标准不同于决策者的假设,各校也想办法选择成绩较优或家庭背景较好的学生,所以择校在某种程度上没有实现预期的效果。它很少服务于最贫困、最需要帮助的学生,在推动公立学校改革方面作用有限。     

School and Residential Segregation in School Districts with Voluntary Integration Policies

ABSTRACT

Since the Supreme Court’s 2007 Parents Involved decision, school districts have been pursuing integration in more legally and politically charged environments. The retreat of the federal government in the racial integration of schools is well documented, but less understood is what local school districts are doing to fill that void. This study documents the districts in the United States that are engaged in voluntary integration. We measure the racial and income segregation in these districts at the school level from 2000 to 2015, examining the relationship between integration methods and levels of segregation. We also measure block group-level segregation in these school districts during this time period to better understand residential patterns of segregation within the districts and contextualize school-level trends.     

Racial Ideology and the Sancity of the Neighborhood School in Chicago

Superintendent James Redmond created a desegregation plan for Chicago Public Schools in 1967, which affected a limited amount of students, but caused great uproar. This article examines the numerous White responses in opposition to busing including those that appear legitimate, such as a desire to maintain neighborhood schools. However, given the history of neighborhood and school segregation in Chicago, the legitimacy of words alone cannot be taken at face value. The larger context must be explored in order to better understand White opposition to busing.     

美国择校中的学券制

为增强信息服务功能，本刊从今年起新设“教育信息与动态专栏”，每期介绍一些最新的教育改革、教育研究和教育动态信息。本期为读者提供了目前美国基础教育改革的热点问题“学券制”的基本情况，并列出了一些相关网站的有关资料，以便读者研究之用。     

日本学校选择制度初探

本文从介绍日本校区制的历史沿革与发展入手,对日本政府在教育领域推行以新自由主义思潮及市场化原理为导的学校选择政策作了深入的描述与剖析。作者指出,学校选择制在教育现场并未得到积极响应和实施,其原因在于加大“差距”及损害大多数民众利益的学校选择政策,在根本上违背了平等与多样性的原则。     

就近入学政策下学区意识的影响及对策

学区意识,是由中小学就近入学政策及有限教育资源的严重分配不均而引发的对拥有优质教育资源的学区的选择与认同.学区意识导致并激化了教育中的功利意识、阶层意识、"门第"意识、形式主义等诸多负面效应,进而背离了教育公平与社会和谐.针对学区意识,文章提出了相应的消解对策.     

论国际化时代的教育选择

在加入WTO的新的历史条件下,中国教育的国际化趋势必将日益显著.本文侧重探讨了教育的国际化在价值层面和国际间教育交流等层面给教育所带来的影响,以及我国所应采取的基本选择.     

Responsibility and School Choice in Education

Consider the following argument for school choice, based on an appeal to the virtues of the market: allowing parents some measure of choice over their particular children's education ultimately serves the interests of all children, because creating a market mechanism in state education will produce improvements through the same pressures that lead to greater efficiency and quality when markets are deployed in more familiar contexts. The argument fails, because it is committed to a principle of equal concern, which (after analysis) implies that a market in education is acceptable only if it is right to hold children disadvantaged by their parents' poor market choices substantively responsible for the fact. Since that claim is untenable, the market‐based argument for school choice not only fails, but also turns out to rely on principles which in fact condemn the very policy it was supposed to support.     

走向群氓精神的教育之趋向

当教育被一种群氓意识所支配时,教育便在大量地生产着群氓精神之人。群氓精神气质下的教育趋向表现为:人道主义的教育同质化:使得教育失却了对于人性本真的追寻,并使人失却了对于教育的心灵准备,教育成为无所要求的行为;科学主义的迷信化:使得精神遭到了技术的贬抑,使得作为一种艺术的教育遭到各种专业培训的围剿,推动了教育及其精神气质的自然主义化,教育成了一种无痛的、无智慧的童稚行为;形式主义的表演化:舍思考而求轰动,弃内容而逐形式,教育成为一种迎合行为、饲养行为。群氓化的教育促使了教育的虚无主义。