One-dimensional nonlinear consolidation of soft clay with the non-Darcian flow

Based on the non-Darcian flow law described by exponent m and threshold gradient i ₁ under a low hydraulic gradient and the classical nonlinear relationships e-lgσ′ and e-lgk _v (Mesri and Rokhsar, 1974), the governing equation of 1D nonlinear consolidation was modified by considering both uniform distribution of self-weight stress and linear increment of self-weight stress. The numerical solutions for the governing equation were derived by the finite difference method (FDM). Moreover, the solutions were verified by comparing the numerical results with those by analytical method under a specific case. Finally, consolidation behavior under different parameters was investigated, and the results show that the rate of 1D nonlinear consolidation will slow down when the non-Darcian flow law is considered. The consolidation rate with linear increment of self-weight stress is faster than that with uniform distribution one. Compared to Darcy’s flow law, the influence of parameters describing non-linearity of soft soil on consolidation behavior with non-Darcian flow has no significant change.     

Consolidation solution for composite foundation considering a time-and depth-dependent stress increment along with three distribution patterns of soil permeability

In actual engineering practice, the stress increment within a composite foundation caused by external loads may vary simultaneously with depth and time. In addition, column installation always leads to a decay of soil permeability towards the column. However, almost none of the consolidation theories for composite foundation comprehensively consider these factors until now. For this reason, a stress increment due to external loads changing simultaneously with time and depth was incorporated into the analysis, and three possible variation patterns of soil’s horizontal permeability coefficient were considered to account for the detrimental influence of column installation. These three patterns included a constant distribution pattern (Pattern I), a linear distribution pattern (Pattern II), and a parabolic distribution pattern (Pattern III). Solutions were obtained for the average excess pore water pressures and the average degree of consolidation respectively. Then several special cases were discussed in detail based on the general solution obtained. Finally, comparisons were made, and the results show that the present solution is the most general rigorous solution in the literature, and it can be broken down into a number of previous solutions. The consolidation rate is accelerated with the increase in the value of the top to the bottom stress ratio. The consolidation rate calculated by the solution for Pattern I is less than that for Pattern II, which in turn is less than that for Pattern III.     

Axisymmetric fundamental solutions for a finite layer with impeded boundaries

INTRODUCTIONBiot’sconsolidationtheorywasproposedin1 941fromcontinuousmediumfundamentalequations.Thetheorytakingintoaccountthecouplingbetweenthesolidstrainsandporepres suredissipationiscalled“coupledconsolidationtheory” .Thesolutionofgoverningequationso…     

单裂隙承压无压条件下达西-非达西流演变试验研究

基岩裂隙水运移机理研究对基岩裂隙水水害防治以及污染修复具有重要意义。本文设计了由水泥和粗砂（粒径介于1 mm～2 mm之间）制成的单裂隙模型,开展了承压无压条件下基岩裂隙水流试验和拟合研究,讨论了水力梯度和流速之间的关系以及Forchheimer公式中线性项和非线性项的比例变化。得出主要结论如下：（1）实验条件下的水流呈非达西流,用Forchheimer公式可以较好地拟合水力梯度和流速的关系,且拟合精度较高。（2）随着离出水口距离的增加,水流从非达西流向达西流演变,当距离足够远时可以将水流视为达西流。（3）在水流从非达西流向达西流演变过程中,临界雷诺数随着隙宽的增加逐渐减小。     

Environmental effects induced by excavation

Based on 3D Biot＇s consolidation theory and nonlinear Duncan-Chang＇s model, a 3D FEM （finite element method） program is developed considering the coupling of groundwater seepage and soil skeleton deformation during excavation. The comparison between the analysis result considering the variation of water head difference and that without considering it shows that the porewater pressure distribution of the former is distinctly different from that of the latter and that the foundation pit deformations of the former are larger than those of the latter, so that the result without considering the variation of water head difference is unreliable. The distribution rules of soil horizontal and vertical displacements around the pit and excess porewater pressure are analyzed in detail in time and space, which is very significant for guiding underground engineering construction and ensuring environment safety around the pit.     

Vertical distribution of sediment concentration

A simple formula is proposed to predict the vertical distribution of a suspended load concentration in a 2D steady turbulent flow. The proposed formula significantly improves the well-known Rouse formula where sediment concentration has an infinitely large value at the channel bottom and a zero value at the water surface. Based on this formula and the logarithmic velocity profile, a theoretical elementary function for the transport rate of a suspended load is developed. This equation improves the Einstein equation in which the unit-width suspended sediment discharge must be solved by numerical integration and a contradiction between the lower limit of the integral and that of velocity distribution exists.     

Axisymmetric fundamental solutions for a finite layer with impeded boundaries

Axisymmetric fundamental solutions that are applied in the consolidation calculations of a finitecaly clay layer with impeded boundaries were derived. Laplace and Hankel integral transforms were utilized with respect to time and radial coordinates, respectively in the analysis. The derivation of fundamental solutions considers two boundary-value problems involving unit point loading and ring loading in the vertical. The solutions are extended to circular distributed and strip distributed normal load. The computation and analysis of settlements, vertical total stress and excess pore pressure in the consolidation layer subject to circular loading are presented. Project (No. 500117) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province     

骨料与成型工艺对透水混凝土性能的影响

试验研究了砂率、石子级配以及搅拌与成型工艺对透水混凝土主要性能的影响。试验结果表明：砂率和石子级配对混凝土的抗压强度有利,但同时对透水系数有着负面的影响;机械成型对混凝土强度有益而对透水系数有影响,但影响不显著。合理解决这些问题能为配置高性能透水混凝土提供依据。     

梯度饱和土层的一维固结度的计算

研究了梯度饱和土层在外荷载下的固结作用,利用Biot理论给出了固结的基本微分方程,一些材料常数假设为指数模型,当梯度系数为零时,退化为一维均匀饱和土层的固结,利用分离变量等方法,得到透水和不透水边界条件下孔隙压力,给出了固结度曲线。当梯度系数不为零时,给出了梯度饱和土在外荷载下的孔隙压力,利用固结度的定义,数值算例出了梯度饱和土层的固结度变化曲线,分析和讨论了梯度系数等对固结度的影响。这些结果对地基下沉量计算和预测有一定的理论价值和意义。     

垂线输沙率计算方法的理论分析

由垂线含沙量分布公式与流速指数分布公式的乘积得到垂线输沙率分布公式,据此对12种垂线平均输沙率计算方法进行了分析比较,并提出了改进意见。建议用辛普生九点法与高斯—勒让德四点法作为计算垂线平均输沙率近似真值的方法,其中后者不仅工作量小,精度高,还避免了施测底速底沙的难题。     

真空预压法加固软基的流固耦合数值分析

利用数值分析方法建立了软土地基模型,采用比奥固结理论,计算分析了真空预压下的软土地基流固耦合作用;并进一步分析了真空度损耗率、密封墙、塑料排水板打设深度等因素对软基加固效果的影响。分析结果表明:在抽真空早期,地表沉降增长很快,达到一定天数后,沉降值逐渐趋于稳定;真空负压沿深度、水平方向上损耗,在加固软土外围形成一个零孔隙水压力面;真空度损耗率、塑料排水板打设深度对真空预压加固软土的效果影响很大;侧向密封墙对加固区内土体影响不大,但其限制了真空负压的侧向传递,使影响区的地基沉降大幅减小。     

Experiments and sensitivity analyses for heat transfer in a meter-scale regularly fractured granite model with water flow

Experiments of saturated water flow and heat transfer were conducted for a meter-scale model of regularly fractured granite. The fractured rock model (height 1502.5 mm, width 904 mm, and thickness 300 mm), embedded with two vertical and two horizontal fractures of pre-set apertures, was constructed using 18 pieces of intact granite. The granite was taken from a site currently being investigated for a high-level nuclear waste repository in China. The experiments involved different heat source temperatures and vertical water fluxes in the embedded fractures either open or filled with sand. A finite difference scheme and computer code for calculation of water flow and heat transfer in regularly fractured rocks was developed, verified against both the experimental data and calculations from the TOUGH2 code, and employed for parametric sensitivity analyses. The experiments revealed that, among other things, the temperature distribution was influenced by water flow in the fractures, especially the water flow in the vertical fracture adjacent to the heat source, and that the heat conduction between the neighboring rock blocks in the model with sand-filled fractures was enhanced by the sand, with larger range of influence of the heat source and longer time for approaching asymptotic steady-state than those of the model with open fractures. The temperatures from the experiments were in general slightly smaller than those from the numerical calculations, probably due to the fact that a certain amount of outward heat transfer at the model perimeter was unavoidable in the experiments. The parametric sensitivity analyses indicated that the temperature distribution was highly sensitive to water flow in the fractures, and the water temperature in the vertical fracture adjacent to the heat source was rather insensitive to water flow in other fractures.     

祁东煤矿地应力测量成果分析

采用应力解除法在祁东矿-408、-500和-600三个水平进行了原岩应力测试及计算，确定了祁东井田主应力的大小和方向以及三个主应力随深度的变化关系：祁东煤矿的地应力场以水平构造应力为主，最大主应力方向为北东向到近于东西向；中间主应力为垂直应力，垂直应力接近于上覆岩层的重量；最大主应力梯度值为0．029MPa／m，垂直应力梯度值为0．026MPa／m，最小主应力梯度值为0．023MPa，／m；地应力测量结果为研究祁东矿区域内各点的应力状态及应力场分布提供了理论依据。     

3D finite element simulation of tunnel boring machine construction processes in deep water conveyance tunnel

Applying stiffness migration method, a 3D finite element mechanical model is established to simulate the excavation and advance processes. By using 3D nonlinear finite element method, the tunnel boring machine (TBM) excavation process is dynamically simulated to analyze the stress and strain field status of surrounding rock and segment. The maximum tensile stress of segment ring caused by tunnel construction mainly lies in arch bottom and presents zonal distribution. The stress increases slightly and limitedly in the course of excavation. The maxi-mum and minimum displacements of segment, manifesting as zonal distribution, distribute in arch bottom and vault respectively. The displacements slightly increase with the advance of TBM and gradually tend to stability.     

Behavioral response of tilapia （Oreochromis niloticus） to acute ammonia stress monitored by computer vision

INTRODUCTION Fish behavior under culture conditions holds important information for aquaculturist (McFarlane et al., 2004; Kristiansen et al., 2004). Most physiological,environmental changes and handling process can in-duce variations in fish behavior (Israeli and Kimmel, 1996; Israeli-Weinstein and Kimmel, 1998; Petrell and Ang, 2001; Almazán-Rueda et al., 2004). Meth-ods of monitoring and quantifying the behavioral re-sponse have become potential alternatives for assess-ing stress…     

不同荷载与层间接触条件下沥青路面力学分析

利用BISAR 3.0程序,分析沪宁高速公路扩建工程的实体路面结构受力情况,得出不同荷载与层间接触条件下,路面结构拉应变、最大剪应力、竖向剪应力、拉应力的分布特征与变化规律,在此基础上,又分析了对路面使用性能的影响。结果表明:超载引起半刚性基层、沥青面层、底基层两个界面层间滑动,进而使整个路面结构受到破坏。     

CFD Analysis of Gas Distributor in Packed Column--Prediction of Gas Flow and Effect of Tower Internals Geometry Structure

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out on the gas flow patterns of twin-tangential annular deflector gas distributor in the absence of liquid flow in a packed column (6.4 m in diameter), and the gas flow field in the column was presented close to reality on the whole. Furthermore, after ame-lioration of this gas distributor frame, turbulence energy and turbulence energy dissipation rate were both decreased greatly.Simulation results showed that the flow pattern and the distribution of gas flow were strongly affected by the column bottom frame; the proper column bottom frame could decrease the flow pressure drop greatly. Multifold factors, such as the column bottom geometry structure and distributor structure which affects the distribution capacity, must be considered.     

CFD Simulation of Film Flow and Gas/Liquid Countercurrent Flow on Structured Packing

A mathematic model of two-phase flow and a physical model of two-dimensional (2D) vertical section for the plate-type structured packing Mellapak 250.Y were set up and verified. The models were used to study the influence of packing’s surface microstructure on the continuity of liquid film and the amount of liquid holdup. Simulation results show that the round corner shape and micro wavy structure are favorable in remaining the continuity of liquid film and increasing the amount of liquid holdup. The appropriate liquid flow rate was determined by investigating different liquid loadings to obtain an unbroken liquid film on the packing surface. The pressure difference between inlet and outlet for gas phase allowed gas and liquid to flow countercurrently in a 2D computational domain. The direction change of gas flow occurred near the phase interface area.     

Temperature stress analysis of prestressed concrete box girder with corrugated steel webs

To figure out the distribution of temperature gradient along the girder height of steel-concrete composite box girder, combined with the mechanical characteristics of prestressed concrete composed box girder with corrugated steel webs, the calculation formulas of cross-sectional temperature stress along the span in a simply-supported beam bridge with composite section were derived under the conditions of static equilibrium and deformation compatibility of the beam element. The methods of calculating the maximum temperature stress value were discussed when the connectors are assumed rigid or flexible. Theoretical and numerical results indicate that the method proposed shows better precision for the calculation of temperature self-stress in both the top and the bottom surfaces of the box girder. Moreover, the regularity of temperature stress distribution at different locations along the girder span is that the largest axial force of the top or the bottom plate of the box girder is located in the midspan and spreads decreasingly until zero at both supported ends, and that the greatest longitudinal shear density in steel-concrete interface appears at both supported ends and then reduces gradually to zero in the midspan.     

Numerical Analysis of Influencing Factors on Temperature Field and Airflow Distribution of the Displacement Ventilation System

Indoor air quality and thermal comfort are important features of indoor environment, In this paper, a numerical simulation based on the k-ε model of CFD is used to analyze factors such as loading, exterior-protected construction, blowing-in rate that play an important role in the temperature field and airflow field of the displacement ventilation system. Exterior-protected construction has little influence on indoor temperature distribution of displacement ventilation systems and the influence is limited only in a small area near the external wall when the indoor heat source is the main cooling load. The height of a room has little influence on indoor temperature field, and the temperature gradient of active region is basically unchanged. In the system combined with a displacement ventilation system and a cooling system, the height also has little influence. When the cooling load is high,the indoor heat source creates a strong convective plume, which will make the average indoor air age lower, the ventilation efficiency higher and the elimination of pollutant easier. Air supply rate plays an important role in displacement ventilation systems. The increase of air supply rate that can be realized by increasing the air supply velocity and enlarging the area of air inlet will increase the mass capability of the system and diminish the vertical temperature gradient. From the comparison between simulations and experiments, it is concluded that this simulation are creditable.