The 1909 Darwin celebration. Reexamining evolution in the light of Mendel, mutation, and meiosis

In June 1909, scientists and dignitaries from 167 different countries gathered in Cambridge to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of Charles Darwin's birth and the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Origin of Species. The event was one of the most magnificent commemorations in the annals of science. Delegates gathered within the cloisters of Cambridge University not only to honor the "hero" of evolution but also to reassess the underpinnings of Darwinism at a critical juncture. With the mechanism of natural selection increasingly under attack, evolutionary theory was in disarray. Against this backdrop, biologists weighed the impact of several new developments--the rediscovery of Mendel's laws of heredity, de Vriesian mutation theory, and the linkage of sex-cell division (recently named "meiosis") to the mechanism of heredity. The 1909 Darwin celebration thus represents a significant watershed in the history of modem biology that allows historians to assess the status of evolution prior to the advent of the chromosome theory of genetics.     

交易效率与区域内分工格局的变迁

推进区域协调发展就是要求区域内的城市根据优势互补的原则,通过分工协作实现区域经济整体水平的提高。指导分工的是比较优势,而城市间由于制度环境等因素容易形成交易效率的差异,从分工演进的角度来看,城市发展战略的制定应当基于比较优势,并相应地制定有利于改善城市交易效率的制度。     

The genius of Erasmus Darwin. The International Conference and Commemoration of the Bicentenary of the Death of Erasmus Darwin was held in Lichfield,Staffordshire from 19-22 April 2002

In a concluding session, David Knight (University of Durham) took the title '"One great slaughter-house the warring world"--living in revolutionary times'. He pointed out that Darwinian thought had to contend with three revolutions. First, the political revolutions of 1776 and 1789, leading to the terror of the 1790s that washed over the English Midlands leaving Priesley's house burnt and Priestley himself exiled to America. Second, the scientific revolution, which valued exact knowledge and specialism rather than wide syntheses. Third, the Romantic revolution which emphasized the tragic rather than the cheerful optimism of Darwin's heroic couplets. For all these reasons Darwin's influence waned. However, Knight finished on an optimistic note that echoed King-Hele's opening address, saying that in our own times, as suspicion of experts grows, and some, at least, see science as a liberating force, Darwin's fame may recover. Negotiations are in process for the publication of the proceedings under the title 'The genius of Erasmus Darwin: proceedings of a bicentennial conference', and a website has been constructed that contains details of all speakers (http://www.bham.ac.uk/erasmusdarwin/).     

劳动力区域流动及Todaro模型演进发展综述

劳动力流动是一个国家工业化现代化过程中必然出现的现象.所谓流动包含劳动力由传统产业地区向现代产业地区流动、由欠发达地区向发达地区流动、由劳动力过剩地区向劳动力缺乏地区流动.这些流动动因往往相互叠加,难以单独识别.推拉理论将这些因素划分为"推力"和"拉力"两个范畴,解决了劳动力流动因素的识别问题.本文在推拉理论的基础上,梳理了定量研究劳动力流动的模型Todaro系列模型的演进发展过程及其应用于实证所面临的问题,以期为我国调查统计数据的编制及社科调查的维度框架提供有意义的参考.     

中国钢铁工业能源-资本-劳动替代关系研究

本文将能源要素纳入到超对数成本函数,建立了中国钢铁工业生产要素的MES模型,选取中国钢铁工业1985-2006年的数据,对钢铁工业生产要素(包括能源、资本和劳动)之间的替代关系进行分析。结果表明,钢铁工业能源、资本与劳动三要素的自价格弹性都小于0,能源与资本、能源与劳动之间存在替代关系;能源价格变动对资本和劳动需求量的影响相对较大,而资本价格与劳动价格的变化对能源需求量的影响则相对较小,能源可被替代的程度较小。说明在给定钢铁工业总产出水平情况下,通过提高能源价格和税收水平,会激发企业节约能源的积极性,加大技术节能投资,提高能源效率,进而实现钢铁工业的可持续发展。     

韩国紧密型政企关系的形成、变革及其启示

20世纪60年代以后,韩国逐渐建立起一种紧密型的政企关系。这种紧密型的政企关系对韩国的经济发展起到过积极的促进作用,但也存在着不少缺陷和问题。亚洲金融危机爆发后,韩国对其紧密型政企关系进行了改革,并取得了较明显的效果。韩国政企关系的研究对中国的政企关系改革具有很大的启示。     

南堡油田M区低效井特征及治理对策研究

对南堡油田M区的低效-无效井进行了统计,将低效-无效井分为低产液、高含水、关井和措施成本过高4类。分析了对不同类型低效-无效井特征及形成原因,指出低效-无效井形成原因在地质上表现为：(1)地层能量亏空,(2)储层非均质性强,(3)储层剩余可采储量少;在油藏管理上表现为注水滞后,注水效果不理想。提出了以水井措施为核心的不同类型低效井治理原则。研究成果在南堡油田M区取得了较好的应用效果,是对油藏从“产量管理”向“效益管理”转变的有益尝试。     

美国国防预算全过程监督及其启示

对美国国防预算的全过程监督进行了详细介绍,并对美国国防预算监督的特点进行了归纳和总结.通过借鉴美国国防预算监督的有效经验,对如何构建我国国防预算监督体系提出一些设想.     

基于分工演进、社会资本的产业集群形成与发展机理分析

运用新兴古典经济与网络社会资本理论,考察了劳动分工、制度供给、交易费用与市场范围的内生互动关系。进而,利用杨小凯的基于专业化经济的劳动分工模型对产业集群的形成机制进行了具体分析,指出产业集群发展的关键在于促进分工深化,提高交易效率。