论课程公平及课程改革

教育公平的核心是课程公平,衡量课程是否公平的主要维度有求知功能的假定、求知内容的安排、求知方式的选择、求知条件的提供与求知结果的评价等.在这些维度上,我国学校课程改革还应作出相应的努力,以使课程趋向公平.     

课程涵义与课程思维

“课程”尽管很时髦，但在教学论话语系统中理解课程内涵的现象还很普遍。澄清其内涵是必要的，但这一现象真正具有实质性的后果是用教学思维来探讨课程问题，而引入课程概念的重要标志是必须确立课程思维。课程思维是一种溯源性思维、宏观思维和管理思维。     

几个重要不等式与不等式的证明

在不等式的证明中,重要不等式的使用是不等式证明的常用方法．     

两个条件不等式的反向不等式

文章证明了条件Cauchy-Schwartz不等式和条件H¨older不等式的反向不等式。     

不等关系

1．定义：表示两个不相等关系的式子叫不等式．     

Philosophy and the curriculum

This paper is reprinted from Israel Scheffler's Reason and Teaching (Bobbs-Merrill, 1973). It is the first of a number of classic paper which Science & Education will reprint in forthcoming volumes. These are being reprinted because their arguments still warrant attention and they are increasingly inaccessible to a good number of subscribers.     

幼儿园课程与教师的课程开发

对于幼儿园教育课程的理解,正如它的上位概念--课程一样,人们的看法很不一致.过去人们通常认为它指语言、常识、计算、体育、音乐、美术六大学科,近些年来,全国各地的幼儿园课程改革异常活跃,大多已改变了过去六科的分科课程结构而代之以健康、语言、科学、社会、艺术五大领域的领域(广域)课程(有些地方正在实行的综合课程也基本是这五大领域的简单组合).     

如何主动设计学校的发展

作为教育系统的根本基地，学校必须有一个长远的价值基础，也就是要有一个有高度、有深度、有广度的理念和信仰基础，同时，不同的学校有不同的校情。因此，“以校为本”，理性地认识学校的发展状态，注重阶段，准确地把握学校的阶段特征，是学校校长和全体教职员工必须深入研究的问题。     

创新能力培养需要学科与活动课程相结合

学科课程是创新能力培养所必需的,但是单一的学科课程会造成学生"高分低能",创新能力培养还需要有活动课程.同时,在两类课程的关系上,只有二者相互结合才有利于学生创新能力的培养.     

Higher education curriculum orientations and the implications for institutional curriculum change

This research is based on an empirical study exploring how academics make curriculum decisions and their perceptions of the influences that shape their decisions. Interviews were held with 20 academics from diverse disciplines, who were both research active and committed to teaching. The higher education curriculum was conceptualised as a field of decision-making shaped by academics’ beliefs about educational and contextual influences. The study identified five distinctive curriculum orientations representing coherent patterns of curriculum decisions aligned with academics’ beliefs about educational purposes. Case studies are presented to elucidate each of the curriculum orientations. Curriculum orientations were also found to shape academics’ responses to educational change. The following higher education change drivers are explored: graduate employability and the skills agenda, teaching–research relationships, changing understandings about teaching and learning, educational technologies and flexible delivery. The findings suggest implications for institutional curriculum change initiatives and academic development programmes.     

有关课程和课程标准的几个问题

一、岗位、专业和专业大类 岗位是职业教育所面向的最基本单元,许多邻近的岗位组成一个专业,许多邻近的专业组成一个专业大类.     

Knowledge and the university curriculum

What are students learning in university? Can this learning be measured? We do not at this time possess a conceptual framework for understanding what and how knowledge is acquired in different university disciplines. A framework for the acquisition of knowledge would have to account for the manner in which forms of knowledge differ. Disciplinary differences could be expected to occur at four levels: in the nature of the concepts used; in the logical structure of the discipline; in the truth criteria used; and in the methods employed in the discipline. In this article, such a framework is tested on university courses representative of different disciplines. At the most basic level, characteristics of the most important concepts used in courses across disciplines are investigated. The characteristics include concept familiarity, generality and abstractness. At a second level, differences in the logical structure of disciplines are examined through analysis of the relationships between course concepts, the structure of propositions in the field, and organizing principles which play a major role in the discipline. The truth criteria used by various disciplines suggest more global differences which would affect the acquisition of knowledge. Finally, the methods considered important in different disciplines, and their effect on the development of students' intellectual skills, complete the portrayal of the parameters of knowledge and the university curriculum. Directions for future research are discussed.     

Solving Inequalities

We now consider an inequality of the form f1（x） 〉f2（x）. Every numerical value x0 taken from the domain of admissible values is called a solution of the inequality, if, when x0 is substituted into both sides of the inequality, the result is a true numerical inequality. constitute All the the solution solutions of an inequality set of the inequality.     

Proving Inequalities

Proving inequalities inequality holds true for of the parameters. means to establish that the arbitrary admissible values of the parameters.     

浅谈网络课程的设计与开发

网络课程是利用计算机及其网络技术强大的多媒体功能和交互功能而创造出来的新生事物。该文通过对开发"小学语文教育"网络课程的描述,对网络课程的特点、指导思想、系统设计作了一些简单的探讨,管见所及,仅供商榷。     

基于新课程背景下的课程观

课程观是课程的灵魂，是人们对课程的基本看法。新课程背景下人们对课程本质、课程内容、课程学习方式、课程目标和课程主体都有了全新的看法。新的课程观要求新课程实施过程中的学生、教师、师生关系、课堂教学和教学评价等以新的面孔呈现。