Managing abuse in sport: An introduction to the special issue

This special issue was designed to advance a research agenda focussed on the management of abuse in sport. Despite progress in the field, greater attention to the structures, policies, processes, practices, and sites in which abuse occurs is required. As such, there is a need for evidence-based solutions to improve the management of abuse and integrity in sport. The authors identified five overarching themes across the 12 papers included within the special issue: the harms and legacies of abuse; abuse in mediated environments; abuse of referees; frameworks that sustain abuse; and safeguarding. The articles included in this issue highlight the complexity of abuse in sporting spaces, the impact it can have on victims and the challenges faced in appropriately managing sporting spaces toward the reduction of harm. This special issue is driven by the authors’ desire to promote integrity and enrich the sporting experience for all, with the hope of driving further research into the management of abuse and integrity in sport.     

Managing sport for health: An introduction to the special issue

Sport is often viewed as vehicle to achieve positive health outcomes. While sport's potential to contribute to health is rarely disputed, sport is not always managed in ways that specifically prioritise health objectives, and evidence regarding sport's contribution to health has been inconsistent to date. This special issue was designed to advance a research agenda in relation to the management of sport for health. Articles published in the special issue examine sport management practices that impact health, both positively and negatively. The authors identified three overarching themes, with respect to how sport can be managed towards the achievement of health outcomes: sport should be aligned with community needs and should be empowering; sport should be adaptable and evolving to ensure sport culture values health; and, sport organisations should leverage partnership for health to promote organisational sustainability. In future research, scholars are encouraged to further examine the three identified themes and expand on other findings presented in the special issue, towards a stronger evidence base in relation to the management of sport for health. Opportunities exist to continue to advance knowledge regarding the potential for management strategies, models, and practices to lead to positive-and importantly, negatives-health outcomes through sport. If sport management scholars and practitioners are to meaningfully contribute to health agendas, health objectives must play a central role in reshaping sport systems and strategies toward the achievement of such outcomes.     

优秀运动员"运动寿命"解析

界定了运动寿命的概念，分析了运动寿命与年龄、竞赛成绩的关系以及影响运动寿命的因素。     

Christianity and social scientific perspectives on sport: introduction to the special issue

Abstract

The aim of this introduction is to provide a context for the contributions that follow in this special issue. The origins and scope of, as well as the rationale for, this special issue are discussed before a summary of, and brief commentary on, the eight papers is provided. In our conclusion we provide suggestions for comparisons between some of the papers in order to help readers to consider the breadth of the topics covered and the potential for further research. We end by positing that if social scientific analyses of sport are to be taken seriously, then some of us are duty bound to engage with Christian perspectives.     

Board strategic balance: An emerging sport governance theory

Despite the important role governing boards play in organisational life our understanding of their strategic function is limited. This paper embarks on theory development to explain the notion of board strategic capability and to identify the factors and their relationships influencing strategic capability of sport boards. This little-used construct, we argue, can guide future governance research. In reflecting on the extant literature from the nonprofit, for-profit and sport governance domains, we derived six distinct and central factors of board strategic capability: increasing contribution of volunteer board members (‘will and skill’); board operational knowledge; board integrating regional entities into the governing role; board maintaining the monitoring and control function; board co-leading strategy development; and board co-leading integration of strategy into board processes. In considering the relationships between these six factors, we propose a theory of ‘board strategic balance’ that explains these influences in a holistic model. We conclude that the theory of board strategic capability is encapsulated by understanding how creating and maintaining equilibrium in these roles and functions is managed by sport boards.     

The role of sport in community capacity building: An examination of sport for development research and practice

Population health promotion and preventing disease remain important global policy goals. Because of the complex nature of health, and the recognition of the limits of individual-oriented health promotion strategies, recent decades have seen increased interest by public health researchers and practitioners in community-level approaches to health promotion. Increasingly, community-level approaches have been based upon the theoretical concept of community capacity. Community capacity is seen as a critical mechanism for supporting and promoting community-level health and through the sport for development (SFD) model, there is evidence of sport being an important practice for community development. However, little is known about the potential role of sport as a mechanism for building community capacity. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to examine the efficacy of sport to contribute to the process of community capacity building. Using seven established dimensions of community capacity, there is evidence that many SFD practices can effectively facilitate dimensions of community capacity when conducted in intentional, culturally relevant ways. Specifically, sport has demonstrated efficacy in building local skills, knowledge, and resources, increasing social cohesion, facilitating structures and mechanisms for community dialog, leadership development, and encouraging civic participation. More research is needed to understand sport's ability to promote capacity building through collective action, developing value systems that support democracy and inclusion, and encouraging critical reflection. To increase the usefulness of sport to support community health development, SFD principles should be included as part of sport management university curricula. Additionally, practitioners need grounding in community and human development research to support non-sport components of programs. Finally, participatory action research techniques should be used by researchers and practitioners. Sport-based development often generates high interest from residents, funders, and policy makers. By applying principles of community capacity building, sport may be uniquely positioned to enhance sustainable community health development initiatives.     

Strategic alliances in sport tourism: National sport organisations and sport tour operators

This qualitative case study provides a sport-oriented perspective of sport tourism. It examines a strategic alliance between an Australian national sport organisation (NSO), the Australian Rugby Union (ARU), and a sport tour operator (STO), FanFirm. The study contributes insights into how NSOs can facilitate and develop sport tourism for major events through alliances with STOs. Findings indicate that by collaborating with the STO, the ARU accrued a range of intangible and financial benefits, which in turn provided an impetus for ongoing maintenance of the strategic alliance. In addition, the alliance was perceived to deliver advantages beyond the NSO–STO nexus, with rugby fans and host governments of rugby events also benefiting. The study demonstrates that sport organisations can play a role in maximising the tourism outcomes of major events and also suggests that smaller-scale, ‘bottom-up’ cross-sector alliances can contribute to maximising tourism outcomes of major sport events.     

An examination of consumer reactance to daily fantasy sport and sport gambling regulatory restrictions

According to psychological reactance theory (PRT), when an individual’s freedom is threatened or eliminated, a state of reactance will occur in an attempt to have the freedom restored. Consumer reactance to firm marketing strategies and governmental restrictions have been examined in a variety of contexts. However, an examination of consumer reactance regarding participation in sport gaming activities, such as daily fantasy sport and sport gambling is non-existent. Two studies were developed using experimental designs to: (a) identify whether sport gaming participation intentions were influenced by government restrictions; (b) examine the influence of reactance tendencies on behavioral intentions; and (c) test whether consumer reactance moderates the relationship between government restrictions and gaming intentions. Our results showed significant differences in intentions based on government restrictions for both daily fantasy sport (DFS) and sport gambling participants. Mean intention scores were highest in the scenarios where the activities were legal, which is contrary to previous consumer reactance literature. However, varying state regulations may be playing a role, as individuals can participate in these activities in states where they are legal. Additionally, consumer reactance played a moderating role for groups that were discouraged or restricted from the activity. Consumers with high reactance tendencies reacted unfavorably to threats of freedom as anticipated, extending our knowledge of the impacts of consumer reactance within the sport gaming industry.     

The Heritagization and Institutionalization of Taekkyeon: An Intangible Cultural Heritage

Abstract

Taekkyeon, a Korean traditional martial art focussing on the harmony of the individual and community has been listed as the first martial art of the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2011. Though taekkyeon involves competitive elements as a martial art, taekkyeon masters and practitioners have emphasized its natural and playful characteristics, with connecting the peace of the inner self and the unity of the community. The increasing demand on the preservation and promotion of taekkyeon as an intangible cultural tradition has involved the intertwined processes of heritagization and institutionalization. This paper identifies and conceptualizes the two development processes of preserving and promoting taekkyeon.     

基于非物质文化遗产视角的宁夏木球项目传承研究

为弘扬中华民族精神和文化,国家于2011年颁布并施行《中华人民共和国非物质文化遗产法》,国家将文化崛起与文化自信问题已提高到重要议事日程.被誉为"东方曲棍球"的我国少数民族木球项目,是宁夏乃至全国重要的体育非物质文化遗产,其保护与传承受到了发源地宁夏及周边兄弟省市的高度重视.基于此,研究从木球的起源、传承与发展现状、运动价值、场地器材、竞赛规则等五个方面进行研究剖析,将从赛事组织、民族体育校本课程开发、建立少数民族体育基地等方面尝试性探索发展策略,使宁夏少数民族体育木球项目得到持续发展和良好传承.     

Charity sport event participants and fundraising: An examination of constraints and negotiation strategies

Charity sport events provide participants with a meaningful event experience, and the opportunity to support a charitable cause is a critical component of this experience. This opportunity often involves fundraising, either as a requirement of event participation or as an option to supplement registration. However, fundraising as part of charity sport event participation is a difficult task. In the current research, the authors examine the challenges faced by charity sport event participants in soliciting donations, and the effort made to overcome these challenges. Constraint negotiation served as a theoretical framework to guide this examination. Semi-structured interviews (N = 27) were conducted with Triathlon Pink participants to discuss their fundraising process and their attitudes towards fundraising. Four constraints were revealed: lack of receptivity among potential donors, perceived lack of money from potential donors, discomfort in asking, and lack of time. These constraints were negotiated through three strategies: narrative, prizes and incentives, and emphasising that any bit helps. Based upon the themes uncovered, charity sport event managers can implement increased education of fundraisers and point of sale donations within the registration process.     

The moral worth of sport reconsidered: Contributions of recreational sport and competitive sport to life aspirations and psychological well-being

Abstract

Based on self-determination theory, the present study aimed to test the hypothesis that importance ratings of life aspirations would mediate the effects of participation in recreational and competitive sport on psychological well-being. In addition, the effects of sport participation on psychological well-being were hypothesized to indicate that, compared with competitive athletes, recreational athletes would report higher psychological well-being. The participants were 118 university students (83 males, 35 females) with a mean age of 20.8 years (s = 7.6). In accordance with the initial hypotheses, a path analysis supported the mediating effect of importance ratings of life aspirations, but not of attainment ratings of life aspirations, on the relationship between participation in recreational and competitive sport and psychological well-being. The indirect effects observed for importance ratings supported the conclusion that recreational athletes showed a preference for intrinsic life aspirations compared with competitive athletes and reported higher psychological well-being. Overall, the findings of the present study suggest that the moral worth of sport does not reside so much in the frequency with which individuals engage in sport but in the goals and values people express through sport participation.     

体育的目的价值分析

价值论方法的介入为我国体育基本理论的研究提供了一种新的有效工具。体育的目的价值必须以人作为目的,目的价值表示的是人的生存意义、生存理想,以及表现为以体育主体的需求为尺度的合目的性;而体育的工具价值表现为以客体为尺度满足体育目的的合规律性。     

An unacceptable status quo: A sport development case study of swimming and drownings

This case study illustrates the complexity of sport development decision-making and specifically highlights the public health concern of drowning disparities in the United States. Using sport development research to demonstrate the linkage between empirical study and practice, students must consider various factors for the most effective approach to attract and retain participants involved in a local swimming program. The parks and recreation department director, Bob Shell, is tasked with determining the best program structure based on the sets of sport development proposals he received from a member of the management staff. To further ensure students are presented with a realistic scenario, this case offers a combination of fictional and real life events from an innovative swimming program in Memphis, Tennessee. Students must critically evaluate not only sport development practices and the merits of the swimming program, but other organizational partnerships that may be formed in the community. Therefore, students are placed in a decision-making role that is common to managers in many sport contexts beyond swimming. This case study is appropriate for both undergraduate and graduate sport management courses, with specific application to sport development, policy and governance, strategic management, and recreation or leisure topics.     

休闲运动与体育教学

对休闲与休闲运动的定义作了阐述;从大学生的心理生理特点、休闲运动的功能两方面,分析了休闲运动与体育教学结合的必要性,并进一步探讨了如何深入体育教学改革,构建高校休闲运动教学模式.     

对我国运动楼盘的分析与研究

阐述了运动搂盘的概念、特点及在我国的发展前景。当前运动搂盘的发展建设中存在着宣传力度不够、建设不够科学、缺乏专门的体育指导员、管理服务不够合理、缺乏具有真正意义上的运动搂盘房地产企业等问题，并提出了对策和建议。     

The moral worth of sport reconsidered: contributions of recreational sport and competitive sport to life aspirations and psychological well-being

Based on self-determination theory, the present study aimed to test the hypothesis that importance ratings of life aspirations would mediate the effects of participation in recreational and competitive sport on psychological well-being. In addition, the effects of sport participation on psychological well-being were hypothesized to indicate that, compared with competitive athletes, recreational athletes would report higher psychological well-being. The participants were 118 university students (83 males, 35 females) with a mean age of 20.8 years (s = 7.6). In accordance with the initial hypotheses, a path analysis supported the mediating effect of importance ratings of life aspirations, but not of attainment ratings of life aspirations, on the relationship between participation in recreational and competitive sport and psychological well-being. The indirect effects observed for importance ratings supported the conclusion that recreational athletes showed a preference for intrinsic life aspirations compared with competitive athletes and reported higher psychological well-being. Overall, the findings of the present study suggest that the moral worth of sport does not reside so much in the frequency with which individuals engage in sport but in the goals and values people express through sport participation.     

Towards a critical sport heritage: implications for sport tourism

ABSTRACT

This paper reflects upon the development and increased acceptance for heritage becoming a key component of sport tourism research. The original sport heritage typology, as posited by Ramshaw and Gammon [2005, More than just Nostalgia? Exploring the heritage/sport tourism nexus. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 10(4), 229–241], is re-examined through a more critical lens, revealing additional dimensions that help augment its key components. More specifically, it is argued that future studies should consider the more intangible features of sport heritage, as well as acknowledging the expanding global nature of sport and its impact upon fandom. Also, the case is made for research to explore the dissonance inherent in much of sports heritage, as well as determining where the power lies in allocating and championing current sport heritages. Lastly, the more general implications to the field of sport tourism are offered with particular regard to motivation, place, and consumption.