Powerful knowledge and quality talk: maximising learning of genetics during collaborative group work

This commentary brings additional theoretical perspectives to bear on data and findings presented by Anniken Furberg and Hans Christian Arnseth in their paper on students’ meaning making in genetics in collaborative learning activities. The theoretical perspectives converge on the importance of maximizing students’ learning in genetics. The perspectives include the notion of powerful knowledge which raises the issue of whether the curriculum being delivered is a means by which students can acquire powerful knowledge that will provide them with more reliable explanations and new ways of thinking about the world. The role of the teacher in fostering social interactions that result in conceptually focused discussions within small group work also is considered. Finally, the issue of whether students can be taught how to improve the quality of their talk within small groups is explored.

Sparking the imagination: creative experts working collaboratively with children,teachers and parents to enhance educational opportunities

This article suggests that child poverty and unequal educational opportunity are inextricably linked. It is argued that even from an early age children from poorer backgrounds are disadvantaged in terms of their preparedness to thrive in the formal school environment. Educational achievement is strongly influenced by attitudes and much research suggests that children from less advantaged backgrounds feel less in control at school and lack confidence in performing traditional school tasks. The ‘Sparking the Imagination’ project set out to try on a small scale to co‐ordinate efforts in raising educational opportunity for children from disadvantaged backgrounds by focusing on the context in which teaching and learning takes place. It was also deemed necessary to introduce measures to raise the motivation and aspirations of all involved and this was achieved through the engagement of children, teachers, parents and creative experts in collaborative learning within the classroom.     

Understanding metacognition through the use of pupil views templates: Pupil views of Learning to Learn

As part of the Learning to Learn Phase 3 Evaluation [for full detail see Higgins, S., Wall, K., Baumfield, V., Hall, E., Leat, D., Moseley, D., et al. (2007). Learning to Learn in Schools Phase 3 Evaluation: Final Report. London: Campaign for Learning. Available at: www.campaignforlearning.org.uk; Higgins, S., Wall, K., Falzon, C., Hall, E., Leat, D., Baumfield, V., et al. (2005). Learning to Learn in Schools Phase 3 Evaluation Year One Final Report. London: Campaign for Learning. Available at: http://www.campaignforlearning.org.uk; Higgins, S., Wall, K., Baumfield, V., Hall, E., Leat, D., Woolner, P. et al. (2006). Learning to Learn in Schools Phase 3 Evaluation: Year Two Report. London: Campaign for Learning. Available at: http://www.campaignforlearning.org.uk] teachers across three Local Authorities in England were supported in using an approach fitting ideas of professional enquiry through action research [Baumfield, V., Hall, E., & Wall, K. (2008). Action research in the classroom. London: Sage]. In this complex project, teachers have explored different innovations that they believe to fit under the umbrella term of Learning to Learn, implementing and investigating approaches ranging from cooperative learning [Kagan, S. (2001). Cooperative learning. Kagan Publishing. www.Kaganonline.com] to Assessment for Learning [Black, P. J. & Wiliam, D. (1998). Assessment and classroom learning. Assessment in Education, 5, 7–73] to Thinking Skills [Baumfield, V. & Higgins, S. (1997). ‘But no one has maths at a party: Pupils’ reasoning strategies in a thinking skills programme. Curriculum, 18(3), 140–148]. As part of these enquiries teachers have increasingly involved pupils and their perspective for providing critical insight to processes associated with Learning to Learn. This corresponds to debates around pupil voice [for example, Flutter, J. & Ruddock, J. (2004). Consulting pupils: What's in it for schools? London: Routledge Falmer], and also the fact that teachers in the project see pupils as having characteristics that can support the development of a Learning to Learn philosophy [Hall, E., Leat, D., Wall, K., Higgins, S., & Edwards, G. (2006) Learning to Learn: Teacher research in the zone of proximal development. Teacher Development, 10(2)] This paper will use the method of pupil views templates [Wall, K. & Higgins, S. (2006). Facilitating and supporting talk with pupils about metacognition: A research and learning tool. International Journal of Research and Methods in Education, 29(1), 39–53] used by teachers as a pragmatic tool [Baumfield, V., Hall, E., Higgins, S., & Wall, K. (2007). Tools for enquiry and the role of feedback in teachers’ learning. Paper presented at the European Association for Research in Learning and Instruction Conference] to research pupils’ perspectives of Learning to Learn and the processes they perceive to be involved. It will use an analysis frame to examine and explore data about pupils’ declarative knowledge of the process of learning and therefore aspects of their metacognitive knowledge and skilfulness [Veenman, M. V. J. & Spaans, M. A. (2005). Relation between intellectual and metacognitive skills: Age and task difference. Learning and Individual Differences, 15, 159–176].     

虚拟学习社区:教师个人知识管理的有效平台

随着知识经济浪潮的席卷而来,作为教育主体及知识载体的教师,面对自身发展与终身教育的要求,应该并且必须对个人知识进行有效管理.在Web2.0时代应运而生的虚拟学习社区为教师个人知识的管理提供了一个有力的平台.虚拟学习社区与知识管理在知识建构、促进学习者间的协作与交流及知识共享等方面都具有共通性,而虚拟学习社区在教师个人知识转化的4个模式中均担当重要角色.     

从“做中学”到建构主义——探究学习的理论轨迹

从杜威的“做中学”到时下的建构主义,教学研究和实践到底走出了多远?杜威的“做中学”思想中可以提炼出两个原型:手工艺活动和科学研究活动。这两个原型都在后来的研究之中得到了新的发展:从实践活动场景到实践共同体;从实验室到科学共同体。它们在发展方向上殊途同归,都强调了“做”背后的社会文化属性。看清近百年教学思想的发展轨迹有利于我们避免教学改革中的左右摇摆和形式主义。     

自主学习合作学习探究学习的实质及其关系

自主学习、合作学习和探究学习的实质是什么?它们之间具有怎样的关系?三种学习方式的实现有没有现实的可能?这是关系到把三者作为课程改革建设目标的大问题。系统梳理资料可知,这三种学习方式的概念是我国学者根据国际上最新学习研究进展,并与我国传统教育观相结合而提出的。关于三种学习方式的实质,则可从特征、构成要素和作用三个方面加以把握。研究发现,自主学习的核心特征为自主性,它包括监管动因、监管机制和监管评价三方面的构成要素;合作学习具有合作精神、社会互动和人际交往的特征,包括相互依赖、个体责任、面对面促进性交互、合作技巧的恰当使用等构成要素;探究性学习具有问题性、开放性和批判性的特征,包括激发兴趣、鼓励探索、引导思维、提出问题、识别资源、收集数据、分析数据、整合信息、交流观点、评估成果等要素。当今时代,人们对学习的实质有了更深入的理解:学习应该是社会交互的、具有情境性的、强调自我主动体验的过程。据此,自主、合作、探究这三种学习方式之间就必然地具有了高度的同一性,这是它们可以统一起来的内在根据。而在现实的学校教育中,知识建构共同体是把三种学习进行有机结合的很好的范例。今后,还应根据学习内容和学习对象的变化,探索出更多实现三者有机结合的学校应用模型。     

Learning to Learn to Teach: An ``Experiment' Model for Teaching and Teacher Preparation in Mathematics

This paper describes a model for generating andaccumulating knowledge for both teaching andteacher education. The model is applied firstto prepare prospective teachers to learn toteach mathematics when they enter theclassroom. The concept of treating lessons asexperiments is used to explicate theintentional, rigorous, and systematic processof learning to teach through studying one's ownpractice. The concept of planning teachingexperiences so that others can learn fromone's experience is used to put into practicethe notion of contributing to a sharedprofessional knowledge base for teachingmathematics. The same model is then applied tothe work of improving teacher preparationprograms in mathematics. Parallels are drawnbetween the concepts emphasized for prospectiveteachers and those that are employed byinstructors who study and improve teacherpreparation experiences. In this way, parallelsalso are seen in the processes used to generatean accumulating knowledge base for teaching andfor teacher education.     

Blogging as a social medium in undergraduate courses: Sense of community best predictor of perceived learning

The purpose of the study was to examine pre-service teachers' sense of community, perception of collaborative learning, and perceived learning. Fifty pre-service teachers from two undergraduate ICT courses which incorporated blogs participated in this study. The data were obtained via three online questionnaires (Collaborative Learning scale, Sense of Community scale, and Perceived Learning scale) administered throughout Fall 2009-2010. The research questions were answered by using Pearson Product-Moment Correlation and multiple linear regressions. Results indicated that the pre-service teachers had positive feelings about the collaborative learning and perceived learning; also, they had moderate feelings related to sense of community in the classes which incorporated blogs. Additionally, to a great extent sense of community and to a much lesser extent of computer knowledge level were the predictors of explaining their learning perceptions.     

基子学习共同体的校长专业发展

学习共同体是一个共同交流思想、共享知识、分享专业成长经历的场所,它构建于共同的信念、利益和经历基础之上。学习共同体为校长的专业发展提供了有益的模式。建构校长学习共同体可以有不同模式,如专业发展学校、校长学术沙龙、基于网络的校长学习共同体等。     

Voluntary organizations and the contribution to social justice in schools: learning from a case study

Partnerships are seen as vital to the functioning of many social institutions and the contribution that the private and voluntary not‐for‐profit sector organizations can make to the provision of statutory services is particularly valued. The Church of England Children’s Society Genesis project worked for nearly 5 years in one urban, secondary school with a remit to promote inclusion. Despite much recorded good work, Genesis was not continued after its contract ended. The school had a series of head teachers and was in special measures for part of the period, but key problems centred around the extent of the project’s contribution to the school’s core business and the absence of a positive management of the multi‐professional project by the school. The evaluation examines ways of proceeding which are of relevance to more complex projects. The paper also reviews the place of voluntary and non‐profit making organizations in meeting current challenges to collaborative, multi‐agency working and proposes a more robust, directive, and managerialist approach to make the most efficient and effective use of the resources and expertise of voluntary and statutory agencies (Inter‐agency Czar and Stalinist environment!). Genesis has gone on to work more successfully in six further schools having absorbed the messages of the evaluation of this first enterprise.     

虚拟学习社区知识供应链的协同框架与运行机制

知识就是虚拟学习社区的核心要素,虚拟学习社区（VLC）作为一个生态系统,各子系统都围绕着知识的流动和组织而进行运作.知识生产、知识传递共享、知识的掌握和应用是虚拟学习社区的最主要目标.借用协同学原理和知识供应链的机理,分析了虚拟学习社区知识供应链的组成部分,构建了虚拟学习社区知识供应链的协同框架,最后详尽地论述了虚拟学习社区知识链协同的形成机制、实现机制和约束机制.     

教师学习和学习方法研究进展与课题

发端于上个世纪80年代教师知识研究,经过30年的努力,揭示了有效教师应该具备知识的构造和特征,尤其是揭示了教师实践性知识的个人性、情境性、隐性,甚至包含教师信念和价值观等特征,由此开启了“教师学习”、“学习教学”和“学会教”的教师研究新时代.这一学术思潮对教师教育与教育实践研究最重要贡献是,它阐释了教师学习的复杂性、缓慢性和不确定性,强调了基于实践的教师学习,是促进教师专业发展唯一可控制的手段等观点.该领域研究的结论,为今后的教师教育及教师专业发展,指明了一条嵌入式和情境化的接近取向.     

在线问答学习社区的群体知识贡献影响因素 ——基于WebGIS知乎学习社区的功能模块分析

在线问答学习社区是在线学习的重要场域,它通过功能模块的系统化设计促进群体知识贡献。然而,功能模块的组合方式对知识贡献的影响还鲜有关注。本文从功能模块的组合视角探究知识贡献的影响因素。根据知识贡献的文献分析,本文提出了问答学习社区的知识贡献理论假设模型,以ArcGIS知乎学习社区为例,通过爬虫软件获得3409位用户数据,利用SPSS22和Stata12.1对数据进行描述性和负二项回归分析。结果显示,积分功能受社会资本和社会动机的影响容易波动,与感谢功能组合后削弱了知识贡献。赞同功能受社会动机的影响对知识贡献呈消极作用,关注主题功能的介入抑制了知识贡献。研究得出结论:对知识贡献的作用中,成就动机是初始动力但不稳定,社会资本是持续动力,组织环境是支持者但作用容易消退,社会动机是根本驱动力。因此,本文建议,应创建针对性的积分奖励制度,拓展学习者的社会资本,深化群组的内外学习环境,深度挖掘社区用户的内部动机。     

儿童早期学习品质的本质内涵、因素结构及学习效应

近年来儿童早期学习品质受到国内外学术界的广泛关注。对61个国内外实证研究及25份新修订政策文本的分析表明,学界对儿童学习品质最基本的理解是学习品质关注的是儿童如何学习,而不是儿童学到了什么,描述的是儿童在趋近学习的过程中和投入学习时表现出来的一系列行为、认知与态度倾向;就其构成因素来说,主动性、坚持性、专注力、好奇心、创新创造、灵活性是实证研究与政策文件共同反映的高频因素;学习品质与儿童的在园学习与入学准备显著相关,且能直接预测儿童未来不同阶段的学业成就;学习品质对儿童的同伴关系、社会能力的发展也有显著影响,并能显著降低行为问题与学业困难方面的风险;学习品质在儿童的学习与发展中起着重要的调节作用,如可以调节低质量学校教育或家庭贫困对儿童学习与发展的负面影响,可以降低个体行为问题对其学业成就的不利影响等。学习品质在儿童早期学习与毕生发展中都具有重要的奠基性作用,未来应进一步探索更为低龄儿童学习品质的因素结构及其发展规律,加强我国教育背景下学习品质对儿童学习效应的实证检验与纵向追踪,探索学习品质发展的个体差异及其增长轨迹,开展相关准实验研究以进一步明确学习品质与学习效应之间的关系。不仅要促进我国儿童早期教育实践领域高度重视和践行儿童学习品质的培养,而且应在宏观政策层面把儿童学习品质的发展纳入学前教育质量评价体系,建立儿童学习品质发展数据库,实施儿童学习品质发展监测。     

“学习型共同体课堂”的理解与建构

课堂作为学习型共同体的理解是现代学校教育发展中的新理念,是人们对传统的以班级授课制为基础的课堂教学模式进行批判的过程中逐渐形成的一种观点。"与学生合作的课堂"、"以每一位学生为主体的课堂"、"润泽的课堂"等观点都为把课堂理解为学习型共同体打下了基础。课堂既是一个学习型组织,又是一个微观的共同体。把课堂理解为学习型共同体,就是要对过去旧的以知识为本位的课堂模式进行批判,建构一种新型的以学生为本位的课堂教学生活世界。     

经历即学习:教师的一种学习观

教师的经历就是教师亲眼见过、亲耳听过、亲身做过的事,即是教师的学习、教学、日常生活。它蕴涵着丰富的学习资源。如果教师具有反思意识与能力,则可以从中得到诸多收获。教师学习的途径有自我分析与寻求学习共同体的帮助。此外,教师还要力图从经历的学习中有所超越,从而使之更好地促进教师的专业发展。     

发生教学法:从历史到课堂

发生教学法的基础是数学史,是数学史融入数学教育的一种方式.发生教学法要求教师了解所教主题的历史;理解该主题历史进化的关键步骤;在现代情境下重构推动进化的关键思想或问题,使之在教学上适合介绍新的概念、方法或理论;按从易到难的顺序给出系列问题,后面的问题建立在前面问题的基础上,采取有序的问题驱动模式,揭示知识产生的动机,借以促进学生的学习.发生教学法在理念和具体实施方略上或能保证数学新课程的顺利推进.     

The River of Learning: building relationships in a university,school and community Indigenous widening participation collaboration

In this article, findings of a qualitative study of an Indigenous widening participation program are presented. The program, River of Learning, has been in existence since 2010 and represents a powerful collaboration between a rural high school in New South Wales (NSW) Australia, a metropolitan university, Indigenous Elders and non-Indigenous community members. An analysis of the narrative data generated through individual and group interviews with stakeholders provided findings with respect to the program including how it has contributed to the building and strengthening of university and community relationships and how important the interaction with Indigenous Elders and school and university staff is in development of confidence to engage in higher education in the Indigenous students. These findings are discussed and the article concludes with reflections on the learnings generated through such university, school and community collaborations and what these may mean in ensuring greater Indigenous representation in higher education in Australia in the future.     

从做中学--美国2 1世纪职业教育走向

美国21世纪职业教育仍以杜戚的“从做中学”思想为指导,在具体实施过程中将强调“情境学习”。本文从实践需要与理论基础出发,简明讨论了“从做中学”和“情境学习”在美国21世纪的家庭、学校、工作地点以及社区等与职业教育密切相关的学习环境下的具体应用,从中探寻美国21世纪职业教育的主要发展趋势及可能实施的计划。     

现代课程知识观的流变:学习观的视野

学习观是研究课程知识观的一个重要视角。对历史上四种基本课程知识观流派的分析表明：课程知识学习的重点、形式、过程、类型是不断转移的,这种转移预示着课程知识学习观的发展正走上人化、理解、批判和创新的新路向。