规则性、语音意识、语义对汉语阅读障碍者阅读的影响

本研究依据阅读障碍儿童在不同规则性材料中的口头阅读数据,探讨规则性对汉语表层发展性阅读障碍者阅读的影响,并探讨语音意识和语义损伤程度与阅读之间的关系.研究发现,和控制组相比,阅读障碍组的阅读中规则性效应比控制组强.对阅读障碍组规则字和不规则字命名错误类型的分析发现,阅读障碍儿童更依赖形音对应关系来进行汉字的阅读.同时,语音意识、语义与阅读正确率之间的高相关说明语音意识和语义共同促进阅读的发展.     

阅读障碍的"成分模型"检测及亚类型鉴定原理和应用

本文主要从理论与实践两方面对基于阅读成分理论的阅读障碍"成分模型"的理论基础、检测及亚类型鉴定操作原理以及可行性和有效性进行详细阐释;同时简要分析了汉语阅读过程潜在成分及其性质以及"成分模型"在汉语阅读障碍检测中可行性探究,旨在为汉语阅读障碍检测及亚类型鉴定提供一个基于阅读成分理论,以干预为导向,科学合理、简便易施的理论模型,以避免单一采用"差异模型"进行阅读障碍检测的弊端以及我国阅读障碍检测及亚类型鉴定方面存在的混乱现象,促使汉语阅读障碍检测及亚类型鉴定朝着更加科学化的方向前进.     

发展性阅读障碍干预方法的回顾与展望——基于阅读发展六阶段模型

已有研究发现,如果能在早期对发展性阅读障碍儿童进行恰当干预,就能使70%患病儿童的阅读能力得到改善。如何通过干预帮助发展性阅读障碍儿童更好更高效地进行文本阅读,是目前研究者普遍关注的课题。文章基于阅读发展六阶段模型,遵从儿童阅读能力发展的规律,从语音意识层面、字词层面、句子篇章层面、阅读策略层面四个角度,对目前国内外的发展性阅读障碍干预方案进行了回顾性梳理,为处于不同阅读能力发展阶段的发展性阅读障碍儿童提供合理的干预方案参照。建议今后关于发展性阅读障碍儿童的干预研究主要聚焦以下方面：(1)干预应该根据儿童阅读能力发展规律开展,以弥补发展性阅读障碍儿童当前存在的缺陷为短期目标,帮助他们达到该年龄段正常儿童阅读能力水平为长期目标;(2)加强有关发展性阅读障碍儿童阅读策略的干预研究;(3)干预方案应与语文教学过程相结合,使干预效果可以在日常教学中不断巩固和迁移。     

汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童语素理解研究

本研究通过比较汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童和阅读正常儿童完成同音语素理解任务的情况,来测查汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的语素理解能力.结果发现,不同年级、不同性别的阅读障碍组判断成绩都比阅读正常组差,且差异显著.研究的结果提示我们,汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童语素理解存在缺陷,支持汉语的语素意识缺陷是汉语发展性阅读障碍的原因.     

儿童阅读障碍的生成与诊治研究综述

阅读障碍是学习障碍中最常见的一种障碍。1993年的一项统计资料表明，有80%的学习障碍儿童出现阅读方面的困难。另据统计，美国在发展方面存在障碍的儿童占儿童总数的5.25%，在学习障碍儿童中有至少50%是阅读障碍儿童。可见，阅读障碍儿童所占比例之大。那么，到底什么是阅读障碍呢？所谓“阅读障碍”是指对阅读技能的掌握落后于年龄常模，而落后的原因又不是智力落后、重大脑损伤或严重的情绪不稳定”。（［美］E.J.Gibson）儿童阅读障碍主要包括认字和理解两大部分。具有阅读障碍的儿童在学习过程中一般会出现以下特征：①阅读速度慢，…     

透明文字阅读障碍儿童阅读流畅性的实验干预研究

相比于阅读正确性,透明文字阅读障碍儿童的阅读流畅性问题更突出。本文用多基线干预性混合实验设计,考察形-音联结和重复阅读两种训练对3~5年级不同水平维吾尔文阅读障碍儿童阅读流畅性的单独和综合干预效果。结果发现:(1)基线时,不同水平阅读障碍儿童的单词阅读正确性和阅读理解成绩不存在显著差异,但在阅读流畅性测验得分上严重阅读障碍儿童显著落后于一般阅读障碍儿童;(2)形-音联结和重复阅读两种训练分别提高了阅读障碍儿童的假词和真词阅读速度,两种训练结合使用时提高了阅读理解成绩,其中严重阅读障碍儿童的阅读理解成绩提高的更明显。     

汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童语素分辨及运用能力

比较汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童和阅读正常儿童完成同音语素分辨任务和语素构词任务的情况,测查汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的语素分辨及运用能力。研究一考察了语素分辨能力,结果发现:与阅读正常儿童相比,阅读障碍儿童完成语素分辨任务的反应时更长、准确率更低。研究二考察了语素运用能力,结果发现:与阅读正常儿童相比,阅读障碍儿童完成语素运用相关任务的反应时更长、正确率更低。两个研究的结果提示我们,汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童存在语素意识缺陷,从语素分辨能力到语素运用能力的落后,说明语素意识缺陷是造成汉语发展性阅读障碍的重要原因,汉语的语素意识在儿童阅读中起着至关重要的作用。     

ADHD对阅读障碍的影响:来自解码和语言理解困难的证据

本研究采用词汇理解任务和语言理解任务同时考察注意缺损对阅读障碍的解码水平和语言理解水平的影响.结果发现与正常儿童相比,ADHD儿童解码能力存在明显落后;线性回归分析的结果表明,解码能力和ADHD症状均对阅读理解成绩有较高预测力,这说明ADHD对阅读理解在解码和语言理解两个层面都有影响.     

汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的语言加工技能研究

本文旨在探讨汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的语言加工技能缺陷及其对汉语阅读的影响.以58对汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童和正常对照组儿童为被试,进行语音意识、语素意识、命名速度和汉语阅读技能测试.结果发现:(1)汉语发展性阅读障碍组各项语言加工技能指标均低于对照组;(2)各项语言加工技能与汉语识字及阅读理解均有中等程度相关,可 在一定程度上预测汉语阅读水平,但总预测率低于50％;(3)识字水平在各项语言加工技能与阅读理解之间均起完全中介作用.研究结果显示:语言加工缺陷是汉语发展性阅读障碍 的重要发生机制,它通过影响识字水平进而影响阅读理解水平.     

快速命名与汉语发展性阅读障碍的研究综述

近年来快速命名与发展性阅读障碍的研究,主要讨论了快速命名对发展性阅读障碍产生预测性作用的主要原因:语音能力、正字法能力和任意性的形音联结.虽然鲜有研究涉及任意性的形音联结,但这个因素在形音关系不透明的汉语中,可能与阅读过程和快速命名都存在很大的相关性.今后应设立一个有效的统一的鉴别发展性阅读障碍儿童的标准,逐渐形成中文阅读发展的体系.     

Word-Decoding Deficits in Norwegian: The Impact of Psycholinguistic Marker Effects

The effects of regularity, frequency, lexicality, and granularity on single word reading in Norwegian children with dyslexia and control children matched for age and reading level were examined. The reading impaired children showed the same pattern of performance as younger children matched for reading level on most tasks except for the fact that they worse at nonword reading. The findings are discussed against different theoretical models of reading.     

Cross-national comparisons of developmental dyslexia in Italy and the United States

This study was designed to examine whether the phonetic regularity of a language can significantly influence the prevalence and pattern of developmental dyslexia. Demographically matched samples of fifth-grade children in Italy (N = 448) and the United States (N = 1,278) were evaluated to identify children with specific reading disabilities. Reading disabled children with average intelligence were compared to normal controls on a series of neuropsychological tests to evaluate specific cognitive deficits associated with reading disorders in each country. The findings suggested that (a) dyslexia is more prevalent in the United States than in Italy, (b) reading disabilities are strongly associated with disorders of verbal processing in both countries, although some American dyslexics also show visual-motor deficits, and (c) there is a greater dissociation between reading comprehension and decoding in Italian than in English.     

Word stress production in three‐year‐old children at risk of dyslexia

We investigated Dutch word stress acquisition in 3‐year‐old children at risk of dyslexia (children with at least one parent or older sibling with reading difficulties) and normally developing children, in order to shed light on language acquisition delays in children at risk of dyslexia, as well as to investigate further phonological deficits in dyslexia. The children had to repeat non‐words with stress patterns varying in regularity. Both the at‐risk and control children performed better on imitation of regular stress targets and worse on irregular and prohibited stress patterns. However, the at‐risk children showed more difficulty imitating irregular and prohibited patterns, and had lower percentages phonemes correct than the control group. The results can be interpreted as a delay in word stress acquisition in the at‐risk group. The findings thus point towards a phonological deficit early in language development.     

When diglossia meets dyslexia: The effect of diglossia on voweled and unvoweled word reading among native Arabic-speaking dyslexic children

Native Arabic speakers read in a language variety that is different from the one they use for everyday speech. The aim of the present study was: (1) to examine Spoken Arabic (SpA) and Standard Arabic (StA) voweled and unvoweled word reading among native-speaking sixth graders with developmental dyslexia; and (2) to determine whether SpA reading ability among children with dyslexia predicts StA reading fluency in the two orthographies: voweled and unvoweled. A comparison was made to three age groups of typically developing children: a group matched by chronological age, a group of children who are two years younger, and a group of children who are 4 years younger. Findings show that diglossia has a strong impact on reading ability in dyslexic children. Moreover, vowelization plays a pivotal role in the reading ability of Arabic-speaking children with dyslexia in both SpA and StA. This role is evident in the different performance patterns of dyslexic participants as compared with controls on word-reading accuracy and fluency for SpA versus StA. Finally, StA word-reading fluency appears to depend on and to be reliably and powerfully predicted by SpA word-level reading ability. These results underscore the role of diglossia and vowelization in the manifestation of dyslexia in Arabic-speaking children.     

Cognitive assessment of competent and impaired reading in Scottish and Brazilian children

This is an individual case study combined with subject sampling which compared the reading performance of good and poor Brazilian 4th grade children with Scottish children of equivalent reading competence and age range. A measure of efficient performance -- low error rates and fast vocal reaction-times for correct responses to words (of varying familiarity, regularity and length) and non-words (of varying length) -- was obtained and used as a basis for the identification of inefficiencies among the subjects whose results were outside the main range. Competent reading in Brazilian Portuguese and Scottish showed similarities in regard to time processing and error rates for the reading of words and non-words and mainly differed in terms of the generality of the regularity effect and of the rate of letter processing of words and for non-words. In what concerns impaired reading, in both nationalities there were examples of pure phonological dyslexia and of impairments affecting both lexical and non-lexical processes with a bias to the phonological pattern. In contrast to the Scottish sample, no cases of predominant morphemic dyslexia nor ambiguous cases were found among the Brazilians.     

Developmental dyslexia in an orthography of intermediate depth: the case of European Portuguese

Fifteen Portuguese children with dyslexia, aged 9–11 years, were compared with reading and chronological age controls with respect to five indicators related to the phonological deficit hypothesis: the effects of lexicality, regularity, and length, implicit and explicit phonological awareness, and rapid naming. The comparison between groups indicates that Portuguese children with dyslexia have a phonological impairment which is revealed by a developmental deficit in implicit phonological awareness and irregular word reading (where younger reading level controls performed better than dyslexics) and by a developmental delay in decoding ability and explicit phonological awareness (where dyslexics matched reading level controls). These results are discussed in relation to the idea that European Portuguese is written in an orthography of intermediate depth.     

汉语阅读障碍儿童与普通儿童朗读错误研究

为反映汉语阅读障碍儿童朗读的特点,采用错误分析技术,对10名汉语阅读障碍儿童和10名普通儿童的朗读错误进行了系统的分析.结果发现:汉语阅读障碍儿童朗读流畅性与准确性都低于普通儿童,朗读中的替代错误、添加错误、省略错误都显著多于普通儿童.而二者在颠倒错误上的差异不显著.在替代错误中,音似、形似、语义及无关替代显著地多于普通儿童.与普通儿童相比,汉语阅读障碍儿童的朗读问题主要表现为错误数量更多,而不是表现为错误类型上的特点.最后结合研究发现对阅读障碍的诊断与干预提出了建议.