23种昆虫Cyt b基因序列同源性分析与分子进化研究

本文利用生物信息学软件分析了23种昆虫线粒体Cytb基因序列的同源性,并构建分子进化树。序列同源性分析表明：蚕蛾科昆虫间的序列相似性较高,其次是螟蛾科,再次是大蚕蛾科;意大利蜜蜂与其它22种序列的相似性最低,东亚飞蝗与其它22种序列的相似性也较低。分子进化树分析表明：膜翅目的意大利蜜蜂与作为外群的斑节对虾聚为一支（A群）;直翅目的东亚飞蝗与鳞翅目昆虫聚为一支（B群）,双翅目昆虫聚为一支（C群）。     

基于16S rRNA基因分析虫草寄主蝠蛾的系统进化关系

为了解虫草寄主昆虫的系统进化关系,基于线粒体DNA(mtDNA)16S rRNA基因对7种虫草寄主蝠蛾、2种其他蝠蛾及其他科蛾类的系统进化关系进行研究.用ClustalX 2.1软件对11种蝠蛾16S rRNA基因进行序列对位排列,DAMBE软件分析基因序列的碱基组成及AT或GC偏斜性.用MEGA 7.0统计不同基因序列间的位点数目以及蝠蛾科蝠蛾种间遗传间距,并以果蝇(Drosophila yakuba)做外群,构建分子系统进化树.结果表明:11种蝠蛾的16S rRNA基因序列进行比对排列后,共1 411 bp,其A+T的平均含量为85.3%,保守位点1 054个,简约位点143个,可变位点310个. 11种蝠蛾种间遗传距离为0.005～0.117,其中人支蝠蛾与阿尔泰蝠蛾和贡嘎蝠蛾的种间遗传距离均为0.005,Triodia sylvina与蒲氏钩蝠蛾遗传距离最大(0.117).分别以16S rRNA和16S rRNA联合COⅠ基因构建分子系统树,分析表明蝠蛾科虫草寄主蝠蛾间的关系较近,而与其他蛾类关系较远,其亲缘关系远近与其地理分布有一定关系,与形态学分类观点相吻合.以上结果说明,16S rRNA基因是适用于虫草寄主蝠蛾分类研究的一种有效标记基因.     

大银鱼线粒体DNA细胞色素b序列的研究

以大银鱼的肌肉组织为材料,采用苯酚-氯仿法提取大银鱼 DNA,然后将大银鱼线粒体 DNA 细胞色素 b 进行了 PCR 扩增及其序列测定。结果表明,大银鱼线粒体细胞色素 b 全序列长度为1141bp,编码蛋白含380个氨基酸残基。其 T、C、A、G 分别为29.3%,32.3%,21.7%和16.7%。A ﹢ T 含量51.0%明显高于 G ﹢ C 含量49.0%。     

黄明摇蚊的再描述（双翅目：摇蚊科）

对摇蚊科（Chironomidea）明摇蚊属（Phaenopsectra Kieffer,1921）黄明摇蚊P.flavipes（Meigen,1818）进行再描述,并附主要特征图。黄明摇蚊P.flavipes（Meigen）的主要鉴别特征为：翅无色斑,体深棕色;肛尖端部膨大,球状;上附器钩状,基部具4根长刚毛,近端部1/3处具1根长刚毛;下附器指状,具8根长刚毛;第IX背板中部17根长刚毛,后缘具8根刚毛。     

鳡线粒体ND5基因测序与序列特征分析

通过PCR扩增并克隆测序,获得了鳡（Elopichthys bambusa）线粒体ND5基因序列,该基因全长为1836bp,编码611个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,其起始密码子为ATG,终止密码子为TAA.分析该基因碱基组成及密码子使用情况,发现A＋T含量高于G＋C,并且在密码子第三位点存在明显的反G偏倚.将鳡ND5基因序列与GenBank中其他10个物种的ND5基因序列进行比对,结果表明鳡与鲢鱼的亲缘关系最近,青鱼次之.用NJ法构建11个物种的系统进化树,结果表明雅罗鱼亚科、鲌亚科和鲢亚科之间的亲缘关系很近,而鲤亚科与它们之间的亲缘关系相对较远.     

5个中系家蚕品种的Cyt b片段序列分析及分子进化研究

选取野桑蚕和5个中系家蚕地理品种为实验材料,采用PCR(polymerase chain reaction)产物直接测序法,获得细胞色素b(cytochrome b,Cyt b)基因5′端591bp的核苷酸序列。对6个核苷酸序列进行变异性分析,并分别利用DNASTAR和PHYLIP软件构建分子进化树。结果表明:所选中系家蚕品种间的序列变异性很低;家蚕品种沿河-1和楚雄是独立起源的;家蚕品种德清-1和延吉的亲缘关系较近。     

中国蝶类一新种及新记录(鳞翅目:锤角亚目)

报道采自我国云南的灰蝶科一新种，一新记录属二新记录种，即勐腊蒲灰蝶ＣｈｌｉａｒｉａｍｅｎｇｌａｅｎｓｉｓＷａｎｇ，ｓｐ．ｎ．，佩灰蝶属ＰｅｔｒｅｌａｅａＴｏｘｏｐｅｕｓ，佩灰蝶Ｐｅｔｒｅｌａｅａｄａｎａ（ｄｅＮｉｃéｖｉｌｅ），红点翠蛱蝶ＥｕｔｈａｌｉａｔｅｕｔａＤｏｕｂｌｅｄａｙ．新种模式标本保存于西北农业大学昆虫博物馆．     

刺翼蚱科一新属一新种(直翅目:蚱总科)

本文报道刺翼蚱科一新属一新种。新属:弯背蚱属Cypholellix gen,nov.的主要特征是前胸背板背面在肩角突然隆起,侧面观近似驼峰形。其模式种为鼎湖弯背蚱Cypholellix dinghuensis sp.nov.     

Item validation of online postsecondary courses: rating the proximity between similarity and dissimilarity among item pairs (Validation study series I: multidimensional scaling)

The purpose of this study was to identify and validate items applicable to evaluating online courses at the postsecondary level. Items were derived from a review of the literature. Four judges rated the similarity of the items by making pair-wise comparisons utilizing multidimensional scaling (MDS). The study consisted of five stages. Stage I involved identifying items. Stage II involved validating items. Stage III involved sampling. Stage IV involved developing an online MDS instrument accommodating the 4,851 ([99 * 98]/2) pair-wise comparisons and rating them. Stage V involved data collection and analysis. The results of the MDS study indicated a three-dimensional solution (Accessibility, Adaptability, and Clarity of Communication) as the appropriate model for analysis. The three-dimensional solution indicated .24222 for the fit values of STRESS and .74 for R-squared. Four clusters were identified as Contextual Accommodation, Instructional Access, Guided Learning, and Organizational Clarity.

Responses to bullying and use of social support among pupils with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in mainstream schools: a qualitative study

Increasing numbers of pupils with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are attending mainstream schools. However, the available evidence suggests that they face a number of barriers that may prevent them from making the most of their education. In particular, recent research has suggested that they are more likely to be bullied, and typically report receiving more inconsistent social support than children with other or no special educational needs. In light of this, the aims of the current study were to identify the role social support plays in determining pupils' response to bullying and to identify barriers to the development and utilisation of social support when bullying occurs. Thirty‐six participants with ASD (age range 11–16 years), drawn from 12 secondary mainstream schools in the north‐west of England, were interviewed as part of a larger study examining inclusive education for this particular group of learners. Data were transcribed verbatim and subjected to thematic analysis, and a theoretical framework for understanding the responses to bullying and use of social support among pupils with ASD was subsequently developed. Key themes in the framework included the role played by potential advocates and their perceived efficacy in providing support, pupils' relationship histories and a lack of trust in other people. These findings are discussed in relation to the growing literature on inclusive education for pupils with ASD.     

Domestic violence and immigration status among Latina mothers in the child welfare system: Findings from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being II (NSCAW II)

Many children involved with the child welfare system witness parental domestic violence. The association between children's domestic violence exposure and child welfare involvement may be influenced by certain socio-cultural factors; however, minimal research has examined this relationship. The current study compares domestic violence experiences and case outcomes among Latinas who are legal immigrants (n = 39), unauthorized immigrants (n = 77), naturalized citizens (n = 30), and US-born citizen mothers (n = 383) reported for child maltreatment. This analysis used data from the second round of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being. Mothers were asked about whether they experienced domestic violence during the past year. In addition, data were collected to assess if (a) domestic violence was the primary abuse type reported and, if so, (b) the maltreatment allegation was substantiated. Results show that naturalized citizens, legal residents, and unauthorized immigrants did not differ from US-born citizens in self-reports of domestic violence; approximately 33% of mothers reported experiences of domestic violence within the past year. Yet, unauthorized immigrants were 3.76 times more likely than US-born citizens to have cases with allegations of domestic violence as the primary abuse type. Despite higher rates of alleged domestic violence, unauthorized citizens were not more likely than US-born citizens to have these cases substantiated for domestic violence (F(2.26, 153.99) = 0.709, p = .510). Findings highlight that domestic violence is not accurately accounted for in families with unauthorized immigrant mothers. We recommend child welfare workers are trained to properly assess and fulfill the needs of immigrant families, particularly as it relates to domestic violence.