大学生膳食营养调查与评价

为了解大学生的膳食营养水平和膳食状况,对安徽科技学院1000名学生进行了膳食调查,并对调查结果做了营养评价和分析。结果表明,大学生能量摄入量稍高,营养素供能不合理,蛋白质和脂肪摄入量过高,碳水化合物摄入量不足,大部分维生素摄入量不足,钙、铁、锌摄入量不足,三餐供能比不合理。建议加强大学生膳食营养教育,合理改进膳食结构,增加优质蛋白质、碳水化合物、维生素和铁、钙等矿物质的摄入量,以提高营养水平。     

高职生膳食营养状况调查及对策分析——以酒泉职业技术学院为例

为探讨高职院校学生的营养状况,及时发现膳食结构中存在的问题,随机抽取酒泉职业技术学院400名男女高职生对其营养状况展开调查,采用RDA对数据分析处理,结果显示,酒泉职业技术学院高职生膳食营养知识缺乏;学生对蔬菜、水果、牛奶摄入量明显不足;男生热能摄入量基本达到推荐值;男生蛋白质摄入量略微不足;矿物质和维生素中,钙和铁、VB。、VB2、Vc的摄入量明显不足,锌、硒、VA、VE等摄入充足。说明学生的膳食选择存在较大随意性,应加强对学生合理膳食的科学指导。     

襄樊职业技术学院学生膳食营养状况

目的 了解襄樊职业技术学院学生营养状况并针对问题提出改进措施，以便为高职学生提供合理的膳食营养。方法 采用24h膳食记录法和称重法。连续调查5d学生膳食状况，计算每人每日能量和营养素摄入量，与推荐摄入量进行比较。结果 男生能量摄入量占推荐摄入量的93．9％。女生为77．9％;蛋白质摄入量占推荐摄入量男生为89．5％，女生为86．9％；钙摄入量不足，男生为推荐摄入量的67．4％，女生为57.3％；视黄素、维生素B2、维生素C和锌、铁也存在不同程度的摄入不足。结论 应对学生进行营养教育，提高早餐质量和比例，增加副食摄入，补充牛奶。     

忌口乳母营养调查分析

目的调查乳母营养状况,提出平衡膳食的建议.方法调查表格询问法,并对营养素摄入量进行两组对比分析.结果忌口组乳母大部分营养素摄入量低于RDA标准和非忌口组,两组的钙和维生素C摄入量均偏少.结论两组乳母均需调整膳食结构,增加钙和维生素C的供应;忌口组更要改变"忌口"的陋习,确保各类营养素的均衡摄入,保障母婴健康.     

凯里学院大学生膳食营养调查

为了解凯里学院大学生膳食营养状况,对凯里学院在校大学生进行随机抽样问卷调查,比照中国营养学会推荐的每日膳食中营养供给量,结果表明：凯里学院在校大学生能量摄入总量偏低,供能比例不合理,蛋白质、碳水化合物摄入比例偏高,脂肪摄入比例不足;维生素A摄入不足;矿物质中钙、硒摄入不足.建议：普及在校大学生营养健康教育,合理改进膳食结构,提高油脂品质及供给,增加维生素A和钙、硒等矿物质的摄入量,以提高营养水平.     

高原大学生膳食营养现状分析

为了解高原大学生的膳食营养状况及存在的问题，并为其合理营养提供科学的指导依据，特对他们的膳食营养状况进行了调查分析。结果表明，膳食结构不合理，摄入的食物种类单一，动物性食物和蔬菜、水果类食物摄入量与供给量相差较大，导致许多营养素的摄入量不足。早餐的热能摄入量偏小，晚餐的热能摄入量又过大，热源物质的供能比例也处于不均衡状态。饮酒的现象也较为普遍。因此，调整膳食营养结构，合理摄入各种营养素，均衡分配一日三餐供能比例，避免饮酒对高原大学生是至关重要的。     

普通专业女大学生营养状况调查研究

摘要：采用问卷调查法、称重法对130名在校女大学生平时的具体膳食状况进行膳食结构调查．结果表明：词查对象的膳食摄入与《中国居民膳食指南及平衡膳食宝塔》建议的摄人量比较,各种营养素的摄人均不足,膳食结构不合理,种类单一．奶类、水产品和油脂类食物摄入严重不足,直接导致维生素和微量元素的缺乏．因此,应充分重视当代大学生的食物消费及膳食结构对其健康状况产生的影响,积极倡导合理饮食．     

人体钙营养与合理补钙

钙是一种具有多种生理功能的重要营养素,钙营养缺乏是中国居民的普遍现象.合理补钙必须依据中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs),综合考虑钙吸收的影响因素,既要保证膳食中钙的含量,又要防止长期过量补钙所导致的不良影响,以维持人体钙营养的平衡.     

高职学生营养状况调查分析

调查表明，目前高职学生膳食结构不合理，摄入的食物种类单一，动物性食物和蔬菜、水果类食物摄人量与供给量相差较大。导致许多营养索的摄入量不足。早餐的热能摄入量偏小，晚餐的热能摄入量又过大，热源物质的供能比例处于不均衡状态。因此，应指导学生调整膳食营养结构，合理摄入各种营养素，均衡分配一日三餐供能比例。     

中美两国中小学生的膳食营养

根据美国1989年的个人饮食继续调查和我国1992年全国性营养调查资料分析表明:我国中小学生能量摄入比较充足;蛋白质摄入量仅农村小学女生组较低,但优质蛋白比例都较小;脂肪摄入量农村较低;铁的摄入量充足,钙的摄入严重不足,维生素PP,C摄入充足,但A较低.美国中小学生能量摄入仅达RDA的73.1%～86.6%;蛋白质摄入充足.且优质蛋白质比例大;脂肪摄入量大;铁、钙的摄入量仅中学女生组较低;各种维生素摄入充足.这反映了两国膳食结构的不同.     

Evaluation and analysis of the vitamin levels in the self-selected diets of senile diabetics

This study was aimed at evaluating the daily vitamin intakes of senile diabetics whose diets were self-selected in order to apply the data obtained to prevent and treat senile Type 2 diabetics effectively. The daily vitamin intakes of 43 Type 2 diabetics (group A) and 43 healthy non-diabetics (group B) as revealed by their answer to a questionnaire were evaluated by computer analysis and compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). The data obtained in this study showed that the daily vitamin B1 and B2 intakes in both groups were obviously low, less the 50% of RDA; and that in group A was lower than that in group B. The daily intakes of vitamin E and A were significantly different between group A and group B (P<0.01 for vitamin E and P<0.05 for vitamin A). So the vitamin intakes of the senile diabetics with their self-selected diets were inadequate. The author suggests that it is necessary to give a scientific guide for the diets of senile diabetics. If the vitamin intake from foods is inadequate, vitamin supplements should be given to prevent complications.     

Reasonable suspicion: a pilot study of pediatric residents

OBJECTIVES: To identify pediatric residents' understanding and interpretation of reasonable suspicion, in the context of mandated reporting of suspected child abuse. METHOD: A survey was administered to pediatrics and combined medicine/pediatrics residents. An open-ended question plus three operational frameworks for interpreting likelihood examined how residents conceived of reasonable suspicion. Responses were examined for evidence of a group standard, and also compared for internal consistency. RESULTS: Forty-two of 49 residents completed the survey (86% response rate). There were no significant differences in responses based on age, gender, year of residency, or anticipated practice type. Respondents exhibited wide variation in the thresholds they set for reasonable suspicion. On a Differential Diagnosis scale, 10% indicated that "abuse" would have to rank 1st or 2nd; 45% set the threshold at 3rd or 4th; while 45% stated that abuse could be as low as 5th to 10th and still qualify as reasonable suspicion. Using a Estimated Probability scale, 9.5% indicated that "abuse" would need to be >75% likely before reasonable suspicion existed; 28.5% stated that a 60-70% likelihood was needed; 38% identified the necessary likelihood as 40-50%; and 24% set the threshold as low as 10-35%. In comparing individual resident responses for the two scales, 83.3% were internally inconsistent. CONCLUSION: There was no consensus among pediatric residents with regard to (1) a standard meaning for reasonable suspicion, (2) a standard application of reasonable suspicion, or (3) how likely "abuse" must be before reasonable suspicion can be said to exist. Additionally, many residents' conceptions of reasonable suspicion were internally inconsistent.     

Inverse associations of outdoor activity and vitamin D intake with the risk of Parkinson’s disease

Early studies had suggested that vitamin D intake was inversely associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis. However, the associations of vitamin D intake and outdoor activities with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are still unclear, so this study is to evaluate these relationships from a case-control study in elderly Chinese. The study population involved 209 cases with new onsets of PD and 210 controls without neurodegenerative diseases. The data on dietary vitamin D and outdoor activities were collected using a food-frequency questionnaire and self-report questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to examine the associations between dietary outdoor activities, vitamin D intake and PD. Adjustment was made for sex, age, smoking, alcohol use, education, and body mass index (BMI). Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for PD in quartiles for outdoor physical activity were 1 (reference), 0.739 (0.413, 1.321), 0.501 (0.282, 0.891), and 0.437 (0.241, 0.795), respectively (P=0.002 for trend). Adjusted ORs for PD in quartiles for total vitamin D intake were 1 (reference), 0.647 (0.357, 1.170), 0.571 (0.318, 1.022), and 0.538 (0.301, 0.960), respectively (P=0.011 for trend). Our study suggested that outdoor activity and total vitamin D intake were inversely associated with PD, and outdoor activity seems to be more significantly associated with decreased risk for PD.     

我国农村居民消费影响因素的主成分回归分析

利用我国农村居民消费有关数据,首先用主成分方法进行降维,并且同时消除解释变量之间的多重共线性,然后对农村居民人均消费支出与农村居民人均纯收入、人均储蓄存款、人均GDP和消费价格指数这四个影响因素进行主成分回归分析.实证分析结果表明,四个影响因素均对农村居民消费需求有显著影响,对模型进一步分析得出,近几年来我国消费迅速上升背后最大推动力竟然是物价的持续上涨,而不是居民消费动力有很大提高,最后对实证结果给予合理的经济解释.     

A preliminary study on the teratogenesis of dexamethasone and the preventive effect of vitamin B<Subscript>12</Subscript> on murine embryonic palatal shelf fusion in vitro

Excessive dexamethasone (Dex) administrated into pregnant mice during critical periods of palatal development can produce a high incidence of cleft palate. Its mechanisms remain unknown. Vitamin B12 has been shown to antagonize the tera-togenic effects of Dex, which, however, remains controversial. In this study, we investigated the effects of Dex and vitamin B,2 on murine embryonic palatal shelf fusion using organ culture of murine embryonic shelves. The explanted palatal shelves on embryonic day 14 (E14) were cultured for 24,48,72 or 96 h in different concentrations of Dex and/or vitamin B12. The palatal shelves were examined histologically for the morphological alterations on the medial edge epithelium (MEE) and fusion rates among different groups. It was found that the palatal shelves were not fused at 72 h or less of culture in Dex group, while they were completely fused in the control and vitamin B12-treated groups at 72 and 96 h, respectively. The MEE still existed and proliferated. In Dex vitamin B12 group the palatal shelves were fused at each time point in a similar rate to controls. These results may suggest that Dex causes teratogenesis of murine embryonic palatal shelves and vitamin B12 prevents the teratogenic effect of Dex on palatogenesis on murine embryos in vitro.     

维生素 pp 对运动能力影响的生物化学机制及其补充

目的：通过分析维生素pp对运动能力影响的生物化学机制及补充方法,为耐力大众人群和运动员预防癞皮病及神经分裂症,提高运动能力提供理论支持。方法采用文献综述研究方法,通过查阅国内外文献,对维生素pp参与NAD （辅酶Ⅰ）及NADP （辅酶Ⅱ）的构成、提高耐力运动水平和影响机体代谢的机制进行全面系统论述。结果明确了维生素pp对运动能力影响的生物化学机制,适量补充维生素pp有助于提高运动能力及防止癞皮病的发生。结论根据维生素pp作用的生物化学机制,补充时应采取配伍服用的方法,我国居民膳食中维生素pp的参考量为：成年男性为20mg/d,女性15mg/d,运动员大强度运动时可适量增加。     

海产贝类体内多溴联苯醚污染状况及风险

多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）是一类具有生态风险性的新型持久性有机污染物,各种生物体和非生物体都检测到不同浓度的PBDEs,已经引起广泛关注。概述了PBDEs在海产贝类体内的的污染情况,分析了其时空分布变化趋势,详细阐述人体通过饮食摄入PBDEs的情况及其对人体健康的影响。     

福州城市居民子女教育消费行为的现状调查与分析

基于我国教育消费市场的形成和快速增长,笔者以福州城市居民为主要调查对象,就福州城市居民对子女的教育消费意愿、教育消费观念、教育消费目的、教育消费负担、教育消费资金来源等方面进行调查,以期能对福州城市居民子女教育消费状况形成客观的认识,为建立合理的教育消费市场提供参考意见。     

Effect of vitamin B12on cleft palate induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and dexamethasone in mice简

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin B₁₂ on palatal development by co-administration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and dexamethasone (DEX). We examined the morphological and histological features of the palatal shelf and expression levels of key signaling molecules (transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) and TGF-β type I receptor (activin receptor-like kinase 5, ALK5)) during palatogenesis among a control group (Group A), TCDD+DEX exposed group (Group B), and TCDD+DEX+vitamin B12 exposed group (Group C). While we failed to find that vitamin B12 decreased the incidence of cleft palate induced by TCDD+DEX treatment, the expression levels of key signaling molecules (TGF-β3 and ALK5) during palatogenesis were significantly modulated. In TCDD+DEX exposed and TCDD+DEX+vitamin B12 exposed groups, palatal shelves could not contact in the midline due to their small sizes. Our results suggest that vitamin B12 may inhibit the expression of some cleft palate inducers such as TGF-β3 and ALK5 in DEX+TCDD exposed mice, which may be beneficial against palatogenesis to some degree, even though we were unable to observe a protective role of vitamin B12 in morphological and histological alterations of palatal shelves induced by DEX and TCDD.