高等教育市场化:趋势、问题与前景

高等教育市场化正逐渐成为国际性的趋势,市场的力量如何改变着高等教育形态,其背景是什么,将发展到怎样的程度,结果又是什么,这些都是高等教育研究必须回答的。本文首先简要论述了高等教育发展史上国家和市场的关系,然后分类讨论了高等教育市场中的多种力量,以及随着市场化而产生的主要问题。     

我们是否迈向高等教育的自由放任主义?

多年以来,许多发展中国家对高等教育的发展漠不关心,忽视高等教育发展、缩减高等教育的公共投资,纵容自由放任主义,甚至采取了高等教育市场化的政策;结果在高等教育领域中市场变得十分活跃。然而大多数发展中国家的市场经济是“不完全”或“不完善”的,因此高等教育市场化改革的结果很不理想。事实上,市场力量在一些国家造成了灾难性的后果。这种“市场化”国家政策来自以下两个错误的假设:高等教育对社会的发展并不重要,国家可以为了市场而忽略其提供高等教育的责任。但是事实表明,我们已经为这些错误认识付出了昂贵的代价。国家在高等教育发展中的角色是至关重要、不可或缺的。     

大学排行榜对高等教育的影响及思考——基于世界主要大学排行榜的分析

随着大学排行榜的不断流行和多样化,对大学排行榜影响的关注也不断增加。围绕大学排行榜对学生、高等院校和政府的影响的争论已成为高等教育研究和主流新闻媒体的一个普遍话题。越来越多的证据表明,大学排行榜对地区及国家的高等教育发展政策、高等院校的决策和发展战略的制定与实施、人事招聘及组织结构、资源分配和资金募集、学生择校和高校招生等方面都产生了巨大影响。如何避免大学排行榜的消极影响,提高大学排行榜的科学性和合理性,以发挥其应有的功能和作用是全球大学排名当前和今后面临的一个重要问题。     

大学排名的发展和两大世界大学排行榜指标比较

随着高等教育的成熟和发展,大学排行榜由美国首先产生,并席卷到世界各国。美国、英国、中国等国通过国际间合作或自己的研究都先后开展了大学排名的工作,本文追述世界大学排行榜发展的历史,比较目前最著名的《泰晤士报·高等教育副刊》的THE排行榜和国际高等教育资讯机构Quacquarelli Symonds公司的排行榜的两大世界大学排名指标体系,为我校进行大学排行榜的研究提供参考。     

The allure of ‘easy’: reflections on the learning experience in private higher education institutes in Egypt

Private institutions are increasingly visible in the higher education landscape of Egypt. Many of these institutions, however, are within the ‘demand-absorbing’ category, offered at relatively lower fees and requiring lower test scores for admission. Building on interview data, this paper looks at how the graduates of some of these institutes reflect on their learning experience. In the discourse of these graduates, the learning experience is described as ‘easy’ and less demanding. This ‘easy’ education is accepted, justified and even celebrated. Credential fetish and the social status associated with a higher education degree are central to the perpetuation of the allure of ‘easy’. However, ‘easy’ education is also condemned for its compromised quality and low status. The paper seeks to situate these competing and overlapping discourses on private institutes within the analysis of the structure of the education system in Egypt and the global neoliberal tide for education reform.     

高等教育发展无法回避的几个问题

从国际比较视野出发．探讨了中国高等教育发展几个无法回避的问题。文章认为,中国高等教育需求的多样化决定了高等教育变革的多样化。目前．制约高等教育发展的力量正在发生改变,其趋势是减少政府权力．扩大市场权力．规范学术权力。任何一种权力模式都无法解决高等教育发展中的所有问题。     

Students’ unions,consumerism and the neo-liberal university

This article explores the economic relationships between individual students’ unions and their wider institutions, and the ways in which they articulate with a pervasive consumerist agenda across the higher education sector. We draw on data from a UK-wide study to argue that students’ unions have an ambivalent relationship with consumerist discourses: on the one hand, they often reject the premise that the higher education student is best conceptualised as a consumer; yet, on the other, they frequently accept aspects of consumerism as a means of, for example, trying to protect their independence and autonomy. We explore whether this particular form of positioning with respect to consumerism is best conceptualised as a form of resistance, or whether it has become extremely difficult for students’ unions to take up any other position in a system that is driven by market logic.     

One size fits all? A different perspective on university rankings

In roughly a decade, university rankings gained the foreground in the policy arena for higher education and their influence is not going to decrease. However, several methodological shortcomings and warnings about the unintended consequences for national higher education systems have been raised. Against this background, this paper stresses that the individual recipients of information contained in university rankings are currently overlooked. Indeed, university rankings are addressed to a generic recipient, but actually, there are multiple audiences for rankings, and each of these audiences has different needs and each one attributes a different value to information attached to rankings. Referring to a theoretical tool borrowed from bioethics, this paper highlights that the ranking game involves a variety of recipients and that the current setting of the ranking panorama leaves room for gaps to emerge.     

西方学者对教育市场化改革的检讨

上个世纪80年代以来的英美教育市场化或民营化改革遭遇到西方学者的诸多批评,本文进行了归纳与概括。本文认为,教育市场化或民营化的根本意义或方向不应定位于突破官僚制,也不应定位于比传统公立学校更富有效率,它的意义就在于给传统政府学校教育提供一个外围构造物,即一个多元的、混合式的治理结构,一个多元的价值理念,一个多样化的选择。     

Are mergers a win-win strategic model? A content analysis of inter-institutional collaboration between higher education institutions

The main goal of this paper, based on a content analysis of the literature about models of inter-institutional collaboration between higher education institutions, is to establish the characteristics that set them apart, contextualize each of these models in terms of the features of the setting in which they are implemented, and ascertain their advantages, drawbacks and potential benefits for the institutions that use them. This has involved employing appropriate keywords to identify the most relevant studies that have examined models of inter-institutional collaboration. The paper concludes that detailed study is required when choosing a particular model of inter-institutional collaboration, especially mergers, as the desired economies of scale do not always materialize, research and teaching results may not improve and it is unclear what the optimal size for achieving efficiency is.     

大学排名对高等院校的影响

随着大学排名的不断流行和多样化,关于对大学排名的影响的关注也不断增加。围绕大学排名对学生、高校和政府的影响的争论已经成为高等教育研究和主流新闻媒体的一个普遍话题。越来越多的证据表明,大学排名对高等院校的决策和发展战略的制定与实施、人事招聘及组织结构、资源分配和资金募集、学生择校和高校招生、高校教育教学质量保证等方面都产生了巨大影响。如何避免大学排名的消极影响,提高大学排名的科学性和合理性,以发挥其应有的功能和作用是全球大学排名活动中当前和今后面临的一个重要问题。