不同的视角 不同的声音——教师和学生对大学本科课程的看法

本研究对北京大学本科课题进行了调查 ,调查结果表明 :教师和学生对大学本科课程的现状、问题、培养效果、公共选修课以及学生缺乏的课程领域等问题的看法存在较大差异。因此 ,大学本科课程改革不仅要注意自上而下的意见 ,还要倾听自下而上的声音     

Views of Chemistry and Chemical Theories: A Comparison between two University Textbooks in the Bolognese Context at the Beginning of the 19th Century

After surveying some 18th century chemistry textbooks in Italy, this case study compares two Bolognese university textbooks related to the subject. Although the works in question represented two different ways of conceiving and using chemistry, both were within the Lavoisian framework. In other words, when a revolutionary theory passes from one country to another, it does not pass as a whole. Different people who receive it also perceive different things, give importance to different aspects of it, and have different aims at diffusing it. In this respect, both the background training of a teacher and his target students become relevant, as well as the institutional context in which the transfer of knowledge occurs.     

浅析大学生退学现象的原因及对策

近几年来,随着社会的进一步发展,我国高等教育事业得到快速发展。高校在校大学生人数剧增,学校面对教学、管理等诸多方面的压力,再加上教学质量下降以及社会就业形势严峻等一系列问题。大学生退学的现象在高校中时有发生,并呈现出逐年上升的趋势。虽然这样的情况难以避免,但是正确科学地分析原因,找到相应的减少大学生退学的方法不容犹豫。     

Through Student Eyes: Perceptions and Aspirations of Students from the Armenian State Agrarian University and Selected European Universities

Abstract

This research compared attributes of students enrolled in the Armenian State Agrarian University (ASAU) with university students from 30 European countries (EFMD) about graduate study policy issues. A cross-national comparative design used a survey questionnaire to explore contextual, social and cultural phenomena. Samples included 801 ASAU and 3,265 EFMD students. Demographics of samples were similar. Students were largely unaware of the Bologna reforms and the impact on study abroad. Slightly more than half of EFMD participants were in a bachelor's programme compared to 96% of ASAU students. ASAU students held a more pragmatic rationale for foreign study, ranking ‘advancing professional careers’ as the top reason, while EFMD students chose ‘overall experience’. Obstacles included bureaucracy, funding and accommodations. Although groups had similar geographical preferences for foreign study, Eastern Europe was more preferred by ASAU students. Half of the EFMD students planned graduate enrollment ‘immediately following the degree’ compared to one-quarter of ASAU students. Half of the EFMD students were aware of mobility scholarships compared to three-quarters of ASAU students. One in two EFMD students reported university media rankings important compared to one in seven ASAU students.

The Bologna Declaration accelerated horizontal collaboration among European universities. Students have a larger collective voice in curriculum change. The findings of this research provide a better understanding of student aspirations, motivations, expectations and barriers. These findings can contribute to guiding policies and procedures for recruitment, admission, retention and mobility.     

高校法学课堂教学改革刍议

课堂教学应由全面讲授向简略式教学转变,课堂教学应由“一言堂”讲授向讨论式教学转变,课堂教学应由纯理论讲授向案例式教学转变。     

Complexities and Challenges of Researching Student Completion and Non-completion of HE Programmes in Europe: a comparative analysis between England and Norway

There is a growing interest in policy research on student completion and non-continuation and bodies such as the European Commission and OECD are focusing on the subject. There is also increasing national interest in the issue in many countries and they are looking to each other for input on effective policies. However, there are significant social, economic and educational differences between national systems across Europe, making this a very challenging project. The aim of this article is to study challenges and complexities in researching student non-completion of higher educqtion programmes in Europe. We use the case of two contrasting countries — England and Norway — to help to identify some of the differences, challenges and complexities that are relevant when creating an approach for analysis that can be used more widely to explore ‘non-completion’ across different countries in Europe and beyond.     

Asking students their opinions of the learning environment: an empirical analysis of elementary classroom climate

There is currently a lack of research into classroom climate as perceived by the students themselves. This article presents a new classroom climate evaluation instrument which is designed to gauge student perceptions of their own level of engagement in academic activities, their relationships with peers, and the level of support they feel from their teachers. The Classroom Climate Index was pilot tested with a group of 105 elementary students aged 8–12. The pilot data were factor analysed, and the instrument was refined accordingly. Following the pilot test, the refined instrument was next administered to a larger sample of 2340 elementary students. Data from the comprehensive study were subjected to factor and reliability analyses, the results of which support the use of the Classroom Climate Index in measuring student engagement, supportive teacher behaviour, and collegial support from the student perspective.     

Research Trends in Science Education from 2008 to 2012: A systematic content analysis of publications in selected journals

This paper presents the third study of research trends in science education. In this review, a total of 990 papers published in the International Journal of Science Education, the Journal of Research in Science Teaching, and Science Education from 2008 to 2012 were analyzed. The results indicate that in the recent five years (2008–2012), the top three research topics in the published papers were those regarding the context of students' learning, science teaching, and students' conceptual learning. The changes in the most popular research topics in the past 15 years also evidentially indicate shifts in the journals' preferences and researchers' interest. For example, in 2003–2007, context of students' learning replaced students' conceptual learning, which was the most published research topic from 1998 to 2002. The research topic of students' learning contexts continued to rank the first in 2008–2012. Moreover, there was an increasing trend of research papers regarding science teaching from 1998 to 2012. The analysis of highly cited papers revealed that research topics such as argumentation, inquiry-based learning, and scientific modeling were recently highlighted by science educators. In recent 15 years, productive researchers' publications also focused on the topics about context of students' learning, science teaching, and students' conceptual learning.     

欧洲高等教育一体化改革:博洛尼亚进程的结构与过程分析

为应对全球竞争的挑战,顺应欧洲一体化的大趋势,29个欧洲国家于20世纪末启动了旨在整合欧洲高等教育体系的博洛尼亚进程。博洛尼亚进程以可比较、兼容、透明原则构建高等教育系统框架,以达成多样性与一致性的统一;注重整体设计,系统推进;在政策的制定上注重利益相关者的参与,为其顺利推进赢得了广泛的社会支持。博洛尼亚进程的设计、组织与管理,对我国实施系统的高等教育改革具有重要的启示和借鉴意义。     

英国大学生可雇佣性培养研究及其启示——以谢菲尔德哈勒姆大学为例

在可雇佣性能力及其开发实践上,英国高校在就业与就业能力框架的概念与内涵界定、完善就业指导服务、可雇佣性能力植入教学课程、从实际工作中获得经验、雇主参与课程设计、重视创业教育等方面的经验对我国大学生可雇佣性能力培养带来了有益启示。     

Cultural transition and academic achievement of students from ethnic minority backgrounds: a content analysis of empirical research on acculturation

Background: The achievement gap between immigrant and non-immigrant students that has been identified in most OECD countries and the considerable educational dropout rate among students from ethnic minority backgrounds in some countries have become serious challenges for national educational systems. The educational underachievement of young people from ethnic minority backgrounds is embedded in the process of their acculturation. In the tradition of cross-cultural psychology, acculturation describes individual or ethno-cultural group changes in behaviour and attitudes in the situation of intercultural contact. Such cultural changes are central to the experience of ethnic minority students including newly arriving immigrants, children of immigrants and members of marginalised ethnic and racial groups. Acculturation has been described as a stressful process, and acculturation orientations adopted by young people from ethnic minority backgrounds have been shown to have an impact on their adjustment.

Purpose: The school context has been recognised to be the crucial context for acculturation of young people from ethnic minority backgrounds. The academic achievement of these students is thus embedded in the acculturation process, which involves cultural identity development, psychological adjustment and behavioural adjustment. The study is aimed at analysing and systematising the findings of empirical research on acculturation in the school context with a focus on the academic achievement of young people from minority backgrounds.

Design and methods: For this study, 29 peer-reviewed articles from a total of 348 articles that matched the search criteria in the database of the Education Resources Information Centre were selected according to inclusion criteria. The selected articles addressed academic achievement of young people from minority backgrounds in relation to at least one of the issues of acculturation such as cultural identity, psychological adjustment and behavioural adjustment. The articles were analysed by applying the method of qualitative content analysis, using MAXQDA software. The findings presented in the selected articles were analysed and integrated according to a deductively developed and inductively enriched category system.

Conclusions: Overall, the results of our analysis offer insight into issues of acculturation in relation to academic achievement. Moreover, our findings reveal the complexity of the relationship between cultural transition and school adjustment for young people. As shown in our review, although a bi-cultural orientation was predominantly positively related to school adjustment of minority students, some studies also identified assimilative attitudes as advantageous for students’ academic achievement as well as for their psychological and behavioural adjustment. Moreover, our study has also shown that young people’s acculturative attitudes may have a different impact on their school adjustment relative to acculturative behaviours.     

关于高校思想政治课改革与探索的形而上之思

高校思想政治课吸引力不足的原因往往被归结为教材内容重复且缺乏时代性、教师教学方法陈旧单一和教学能力的欠缺、学生对思想政治课认识上有偏颇等。这些看法都是有道理的。但也存在不当之处。思想政治课教材重复是必要的,教法本身不分好坏。学生认知的特点是并非“真知”的“熟知”。走出思想政治课困境最终要靠每一位教师深入钻研教材、教法和学生认知状况并实现三者的有机结合。     

开放大学间的同质合作:汉语国际推广的新路子

在大数据的时代背景下,对外汉语教学的数字化已是大势所趋,数字化对外汉语教学也已经成为网络信息化时代中国文化走向世界日益重要的载体。然而,优质的远程汉语课程及其相应的教学模式却凤毛麟角或尚未形成,究其原因,至少有三个方面:可用的远程汉语教学的本土化大平台尚未建立、有效的远程汉语教学模式尚未形成、优质的远程汉语课程极度缺乏。经初步实践,笔者认为,开展基于远程汉语课程的开放大学同质合作就可以有效突破数字化对外汉语教学的发展瓶颈:第一,借助国外开放大学成熟的立体的巨大的教学平台;第二,借助国外开放大学的混合教学模式;第三,整合优化优质的汉语课程。如此,基于优质汉语课程的"借平台、借模式"的思路开展开放大学间的同质合作,不用进行新平台的推广,不用组织招生工作,只用把优质的汉语课程纳入庞大的国外开放大学的课程体系,就可以更大范围、更深层次、更为公平地进行汉语国际推广,或许可以走出一条汉语国际推广的新路子。     

从学者行会与教会的博弈中管窥中世纪大学学位制度

中世纪大学作为现代大学的渊源,为现代大学的大学自治、学院管理、学科分化、学位制度的形成等奠定了坚实的历史基础。作为“欧洲大学之母”的巴黎大学,其执教权的争夺在中世纪学位制度产生中扮有重要角色。中世纪的学位制度正是在学者行会与罗马教廷、教皇皇权、世俗当局等势力博弈的夹缝中发展起来的。     

Elementary students as active agents in their learning: an empirical study of the connections between assessment practices and student metacognition

This study explored how elementary teachers leveraged and structured student-involved formative assessment to promote metacognition and self-regulation. Research has suggested a connection between formative assessment practices (e.g., self-assessment and peer-assessment) and metacognition. However, this connection has limited empirical support, especially within early elementary contexts (i.e. Grades K-4). In this study, 44 Ontario elementary teachers completed a survey reporting their teaching and assessment practices and beliefs about metacognition. Five participants were then purposefully selected for semi-structured interviews to describe their experiences developing students’ metacognition and self-regulatory capabilities through student-involved assessment processes. Data were inductively and thematically analysed. Participants emphasized the value of assessment as learning practices (e.g., self-assessment and reflective thinking) to develop students’ metacognition and discussed the need for ongoing student feedback regarding metacognitive strategies. However, despite purposefully implementing formative assessment to enhance metacognition and self-regulation, participants articulated the need for additional resources to support the cultural shift towards assessment for and as learning within their classrooms.     

互联网接触对大学生思想政治教育传播效果的影响研究——基于全国35所高校调查数据的实证分析

基于全国35所高校的调查数据,本研究运用有序Logistic回归模型分析了互联网接触对大学生思想政治教育传播效果的影响及其作用机制.研究发现,大学生的互联网娱乐信息接触、互联网碎片化阅读和互联网接触时长均与大学生思想政治教育传播效果显著负相关;"把关人"作用对大学生互联网接触与思想政治教育传播效果的关系具有显著正向调节效应;互联网传播与思政课传播的效果存在显著性差异,且思政课的传播效果优于互联网.基于此,本研究提出健全网络信息把关制度,强化互联网内容管理;增强大学生的网络媒介素养,推进网络思想政治教育的有效传播;重视思政课的改革和建设,实现思政课与互联网信息技术的深度融合等建议.     

宁德师院体育系学生生活方式调查与分析

采用问卷调查、数理统计等研究方法,对宁德师院体育系学生生活方式进行调查分析,结果表明：体育系学生抽烟、喝酒现象严重;相当多的学生饮食习惯不良和缺乏营养知识,尤其女生;大部分学生都有良好的运动锻炼习惯,且应激控制能力较强,心理健康水平较优;女生安全习惯优于男生.建议加强体育系学生的健康教育,提倡合理营养,平衡膳食,采取教育、管理和学生自律相结合的措施,促使学生养成良好的文明行为和习惯.     

提升新建本科院校工程教育研究水平的实证研究——基于福建工程学院2005-2014年研究文献的可视化分析

利用CiteSpace软件,通过定量分析CNKI平台上收录的文献,首次对福建工程学院教师发表的工程教育期刊研究论文进行计量学研究和可视化分析,以此了解学校教师对工程教育研究领域的关注度及研究的发展轨迹,指出存在的问题及与国际工程教育研究关注热点的差距,并就提高学校教育研究水平提出建议。     

城镇医疗保险改革对家庭消费的政策效应——基于CFPS微观调查数据的实证研究

基于"中国家庭动态跟踪调查"(CFPS)微观数据,利用DID模型对城镇居民基本医疗保险之于城镇家庭消费的政策效应的实证研究表明,参加城镇居民基本医疗保险对家庭的自付医疗消费支出没有明显的影响,而非医疗消费支出大约增长6.9%,可见2007年开始实施的城镇居民基本医疗保险有效地防止了居民因就医所导致的医疗保健支出迅速增加,也在一定程度上对家庭非医疗消费起到了保险作用。同时,医疗保险的政策效应存在着明显的群体差异和区域差异:一方面,不同收入组家庭消费对医疗保险的反应存在着异质性,中低收入家庭的参保后消费支出有显著增加,而高收入组家庭的消费行为则没有明显变化;另一方面,不同地区家庭消费对医疗保险的反应也存在明显不同。有鉴于此,各级政府应不断优化公共支出结构,提高政府对医疗保障资金支出比例,形成医疗保障投入的长效机制,不断完善医疗保障体系的建设,使医疗保障体系能持续引致居民消费的增长。此外,政府还应逐步使医疗保险在各地区不同收入群体之间的待遇水平相互衔接,平衡区域间的保障水平,实现公共服务供给的均等化,这对和谐社会的建设和经济的可持续发展具有深远影响。     

高职院校英语学习心理及行为的调查分析

对高职院校学生的英语学习心理和学习行为进行问卷调查,直接获得第一手资料,非常有助于了解和确认学生在英语学习方面存在的心理倾向和行为模式。调查分析的结果,对高职院校英语教学模式和教学方法的改革提供一些可资决策者参考的启发和依据。调查内容主要分四个部分:英语学习基本情况调查、英语学习主动性调查、英语学习积极性调查和英语学习潜力调查。