全纳教育背景下特殊教育资源探讨

全纳教育理念追求教育公平、机会平等,尊重个体差异,主张普通学校应接纳所有儿童,认为社会应构建全纳学校、全纳社区,进而构建全纳性社会.随着社会的发展,资源、教育资源的内涵与外延不断更新.在全纳教育背景下,对特殊教育资源进行界定,得出全纳教育理念及特殊教育资源对教师、教育的启示.特殊教育资源应从本国具体历史条件出发,突出对特殊教育运转和发展的信息、价值、功能作用,并应将之用于特殊教育实践活动当中.     

“全纳”还是“特殊”:英国关于全纳教育的争议

自1994年联合国教科文组织提出“全纳教育”以来,英国教育界对于全纳教育的争议就没有停止过.持“全纳”观点的学者认为,特殊教育不应该只在特殊学校实施,这违反了人权;而持“特殊”观点的学者认为,全纳教育流于形式,不能真正实现学生的共同参与和家长的真正选择.英国教育界虽然对于“全纳”还是“特殊”的形式存在争议,但是他们对于全纳教育的目标却是一致的,都是为了促进学生发展,为有特殊教育需要的儿童和青年成功过渡到成年作准备.     

捷克奥洛穆茨州全纳教育支持系统的调查研究

本研究以自行编制的调查问卷和访谈提纲作为研究工具,对捷克奥洛穆茨州的全纳教育支持系统现状进行了调查研究。结果发现:通过实施全纳导向的教育政策,为全纳教育提供必要的支持、规定参与全纳教育教师的任职资格和培训、转变特殊教育学校角色等方面的努力,一个相对系统和健全的全纳教育支持系统已经建立和运转起来了。但是,传统的社会观念、政府经费支持、普通教师的专业成长、对特殊儿童家庭的财政和培训支持以及特殊儿童家长在全纳教育中的参与等问题仍然是捷克奥洛穆茨州全纳教育发展过程中亟需解决的问题。     

全纳教育形成背景

全纳教育是1994年联合国教科文组织在“世界特殊教育大会”上提出的一种教育理念。美国学者认为全纳教育可为所有学生提供均等受教育机会。英国专家提出，全纳教育是对在普通学校满足所有学生学习需要的进一步发展。全纳教育强调的是促进所有学生的参与，特别是促进安置在普通学校的有特殊教育需要学生的有效参与。     

应用全纳教育环境促进教师的专业成长

全纳教育环境有利于教师综合能力的提高,主要通过教育者间的合作、交往、信念形成等途径促进教师的专业成长。我国目前的全纳环境普遍水平不高,家长不支持,高校缺少特殊教育方面的知识储备。这需要形成全纳社会,进一步提高中小学全纳教育的有效性,加强师范院校的特殊教育师资队伍建设。     

在中国发展全纳性教育

特殊教育在过去的两个世纪的发展中经历了四个发展阶段。目前特殊教育已经成为一个国家发展水平的标志而倍受重视。“特殊教育”由过去的为少数儿童服务的教育正发展成为为每一个儿童的“特殊需要教育”。在正常化原则、全面参与社会原则的推动下，特殊教育与普通教育结合起来，成为一体化教育。一体化教育又称为残儿童随班就读，在中国已走过了充满活力的十年。现在一体化教育的更进一步发展成为全纳性教育。全纳性教育可以分解为全纳教育体系、全纳性学校、全纳性课堂。在中国的教育界引起重视并发展起来。     

特殊需要儿童家长在全纳教育中的角色

全纳教育的成功开展和实施,离不开特殊需要儿童家长的支持。调查显示:特殊需要儿童家长作为全纳教育的提倡者、推动者、合作者和终身学习者的理想角色与现实角色之间存在明显冲突,家长们模糊的权利意识、被动的推动方式、消极的合作境况与缺乏支持的低效率学习状态亟需改变。要通过转变社会对特殊教育的观念、为家长赋权赋能等方式,使家长积极有效地参与到全纳教育中来。     

发展全纳教育的理论与实践构想

开展全纳教育,促进有特殊教育需要学生有效参与学习,需要以多元智能、因材施教、建构主义理论为基础,运用平等、参与、合作、迁移的实施原则.当前我国发展全纳教育面临挑战.     

发展全纳教育的理论与实践构想

开展全纳教育,促进有特殊教育需要学生有效参与学习,需要以多元智能、因材施教、建构主义理论为基础,运用平等、参与、合作、迁移的实施原则。当前我国发展全纳教育面临挑战。     

西方全纳教育效果的研究分析与启示

本文主要从特殊儿童的学业发展、社会性发展以及家长和普通教师对全纳教育的态度等方面分析了西方学者关于全纳教育效果的研究,并在此基础上对我国的特殊教育发展进行了思考.文章认为我国的特殊教育发展应该努力发展与随班就读相配合的资源教室,要加强我国不同教育模式效果的实证研究,在发展特殊教育的过程中要积极借鉴西方全纳教育发展的经验并吸取教训.     

COMMENTARY ON NIND AND KELLETT 2002

This study had three objectives. One was to compare the needs, resources and supports perceived as available and needed by 32 parents of children with mild to moderate intellectual impairments, educated in self-contained special education classes (SCS), and 46 parents of children with general special needs educated in regular classes. A second objective was to compare these perceptions to the rated degree of pupil impairment. The third objective was to examine the applicability of two surveys. Results revealed that parents perceived strong informational needs regardless of educational setting, though the parents of children in the SCS group expressed stronger informational needs. Parents of children in the SCS group tended to be more satisfied with their relationship with schools than parents in the comparison group. Child impairments in the areas of social skills, behaviour, communication, and thinking and reasoning were highly correlated with parental needs and parental perception of school supports and resources. Factors influencing parental self-efficacy are discussed and recommendations are made for enhancing parental involvement in the child's education. Suggestions are also made for utilizing information derived from this study when planning the implementation of inclusive schools.     

上海市特殊儿童家长参与子女早期教育的现状调查

特殊儿童家长参与子女早期教育具有重要意义.对上海市特殊儿童家长参与子女早期教育的态度、现状和方式进行问卷调查和个别访谈后发现,目前存在着对家长参与的认识不到位、参与现状的总体水平较低、极少参与学校行政、信息化手段使用较少等问题.因此,采取一系列措施使家长更有效地参与到特殊儿童的早期教育中尤为重要.     

Building alliance for preschool inclusion: Parents of typically developing children,attitudes and perceptions

The current study investigated perceptions, thoughts, and attitudes of parents of typically developing children enrolled in inclusive 3-year-old and 4-year-old preschool classrooms. Using a qualitative approach, guided by ecological system theory semi-structured interviews with parents (N = 7) were completed. Several common themes related to inclusive preschool interactions were identified. Results indicated that parental perspectives, perceptions, and experiences vary. While parents were supportive of inclusion philosophy in child care centers, they felt less confident in their ability to explain the limitations associated with special needs to their young children. Parental support and involvement within inclusive preschool classrooms may be strengthened through the development of educational programs and family–professional partnerships. The role and involvement of teachers in facilitating parental support of inclusion philosophy is also addressed.     

Parental involvement in education during middle school: Perspectives of ethnically diverse parents,teachers, and students

Maintaining productive partnerships between families and schools is more complex when youth enter middle school. A systematic and inclusive understanding of the strategies parents use, youth want and need, and teachers' desire is needed to broaden our conceptualization and deepen our understanding of parental involvement in education. The authors captured the voices of 3 primary stakeholders in education (i.e., parents, teachers, and students) to identify the goals for parental involvement in education, identify consistencies across stakeholders in the conceptualizations of parental involvement in education, and deepen our understanding of the types of involvement that matter for adolescents. The study used grounded-theory analysis of 20 focus groups, with ethnically diverse parents, youth, and teachers (N = 150), along with quantitative indicators of involvement and interactions with schools. From these analyses scaffolding independence, linking education to future success, and communication emerged as the most consistent strategies for promoting achievement. Conceptualizations of home-based involvement were broadened. Ethnic variations in the general experiences of families at school were highlighted.     

Placement,inclusion, law and teachers’ perceptions in Macao’s schools

In Macao, the government has initiated a debate regarding revisions in the Decree Law in order to promote a more inclusive schooling system. In this Special Administrative Region of China, inclusive education is one of three possible types of special education that are likely be legislated in the future. The way the teachers perceive the different aspects related to inclusive education, namely the principles, concepts and law, is essential for its full implementation. The aim of this study is to understand teachers’ perceptions about the proposed amendments in the consultation document for changes in the special education regime. In particular, we focus on teachers’ acceptance of the recommended role of parents, the proposed placement models and expectations for teacher training. A mixed-methods approach with a survey of a sample of 500 teachers in private schools and interviews to a sub-sample of 20 provide the data. While agreeing in principle with the majority of the proposed changes in the Decree Law, there were several reservations made by the teachers, especially regarding the extent of parental choice, placement decisions and teacher training. Recommendations to continue the pathway for a more inclusive education system in Macao and for further research are made.     

Parental satisfaction with disabled children’s school inclusion in Italy

The principal aim of the present study is to examine the level of parental satisfaction with inclusive education for their children with disability attending Italian schools of any grade level. The survey involved 285 parents of pupils randomly selected from the population of students with disability certificates. On average, parents expressed a high level of satisfaction. Four principal components of parental satisfaction were extracted from the item scores of the questionnaire: inclusive educational practices; environment and special equipment; classmates’ and families’ acceptance; integration between education and rehabilitation activities. Various correlations were found between these aspects and both child-related and context-related variables. In particular, children’s emotional regulation abilities evaluated by teachers are involved in various dimensions of the parents’ satisfaction. On the other hand, satisfaction with the integration between the educational and rehabilitation activities showed a significant negative correlation with the fathers’ and mothers’ educational level. Lastly, parental satisfaction towards classmates’ and families’ acceptance appears to be the most critical aspect and tends to decrease in relation to school level, while it is positively linked with the number of hours the support teacher spends in class. Taken together, these results stimulate useful considerations to promote better practices in inclusive education.     

Moving towards inclusive education in Cyprus?

Within the last decade, the government of Cyprus has encouraged and supported the education of children assessed as having special needs into the mainstream educational system. With the existing arrangements, however, many pupils who experience difficulties within schools (and many of those are pupils who have been integrated from special schools) are marginalized or even excluded from teaching. This paper looks at the existing arrangements of special education in Cyprus by analysing local practice to identify barriers to inclusion, to consider ways of improving schools and classrooms in relation to policy‐making, and to see how to go forward towards inclusive education. Using four stories from the author’s involvement with one school, and reflecting on them, the author presents what was seen as barriers to providing more inclusive education.     

Attitudes of parents towards inclusive education: a review of the literature

The aim of this study is to review literature about parents’ attitudes towards inclusive education. Special attention is paid to parents’ attitudes and to the effect of these on the social participation of children with special needs in regular schools. A review of the literature resulted in 10 studies showing that the majority of parents hold positive attitudes. However, parents of children with special needs reported various concerns, including the availability of services in regular schools and individualised instruction. Several variables were found which relate to parents’ attitudes, such as social‐economic status, education level, experience with inclusion and type of disability. No studies examined the effects of parental attitudes on the social participation of children with special needs. The importance of positive parental attitudes is elaborated in the discussion.     

Parental Experiences and Beliefs Regarding Inclusive Placements of their Special Needs Children

Parents of children with special needs face many challenges. One of the challenges is the placement of their children in inclusive early childhood education settings. This article explores these challenges and offers practical suggestions regarding the involvement and support of parents of children with special needs in the placement of their children in appropriate educational settings.