搜索引擎检索结果的网页组织技术及其优化策略

本文分析了搜索引擎检索结果的组织技术及其存在的不足，并对检索结果的组织技术进行了优化处理，最后分析了搜索引擎检索结果中提高网页排名的优化策略。     

在竞争环境中高校科研管理工作探讨

科学研究和成果推广应用是高校科研工作的两大重心，高质量的科学研究是提高成果应用率的基础，较高的成果应用率可以促进科学研究向更高层次发展。在国内已处于开放环境的情况下，国内高校的科研成果（产品或技术）已和国外同类产品或技术处于同场竞技之中。国内高校如何在竞争环境中搞好科学研究和提高成果推广应用率，本文就此相关问题进行了探讨。     

中国重点技术领域基础研究成果转化效率评估

针对当前基础研究成果转化效率评估中成果范围界定模糊,转化后产出质量评价指标不全面,难以确立基础研究成果转化效率路径的问题,提出了结合基础研究-技术研发关联度、技术领域专利质量的LQ-E基础研究成果转化效率评估模型,并对中国重点技术领域基础研究成果转化效率进行评估,通过与美国、日本的对比,发现问题并提出成果转化效率提升路径。研究表明：1）中国重点技术领域整体基础研究成果转化效率落后于美国、日本,呈现的主要问题是基础研究成果转化不畅,技术后续发展能力不足;2）中国农业领域、制造与工程领域提升成果转化效率的路径是,跟踪前沿科技与热点主题,优先强化基础研究与技术研发的关联;3）中国能源领域、网络信息领域的提升路径是,用专利质量全面提高,带动成果转化效率的提升;4）中国材料领域的提升路径是,发掘新的基础研究主题,通过合作研发创造更多的成果转化机会,并保持专利高质量态势。     

Utilization of biological variation data in the interpretation of laboratory test results – survey about clinicians’ opinion and knowledge

IntroductionTo interpret test results correctly, understanding of the variations that affect test results is essential. The aim of this study is: 1) to evaluate the clinicians’ knowledge and opinion concerning biological variation (BV), and 2) to investigate if clinicians use BV in the interpretation of test results.Materials and methodsThis study uses a questionnaire comprising open-ended and close-ended questions. Questions were selected from the real-life numerical examples of interpretation of test results, the knowledge about main sources of variations in laboratories and the opinion of clinicians on BV. A total of 399 clinicians were interviewed, and the answers were evaluated using a scoring system ranked from A (clinician has the highest level of knowledge and the ability of using BV data) to D (clinician has no knowledge about variations in laboratory). The results were presented as number (N) and percentage (%).ResultsAltogether, 60.4% of clinicians have knowledge of pre-analytical and analytical variations; but only 3.5% of them have knowledge related to BV. The number of clinicians using BV data or reference change value (RCV) to interpret measurements results was zero, while 79.4% of clinicians accepted that the difference between two measurements results located within the reference interval may be significant.ConclusionsClinicians do not use BV data or tools derived from BV such as RCV to interpret test results. It is recommended that BV should be included in the medical school curriculum, and clinicians should be encouraged to use BV data for safe and valid interpretation of test results.     

月份效应:运用不同计量模型得出相反实证结果

本文运用传统的标准计量模型与2003年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者恩格尔(Robert Engle)提出的自回归条件异方差性模型(ARCH模型)的改进模型(TARCH模型)，对中国股票市场月份效应进行比较研究。检验结果显示：运用传统的计量模型分析得出的结果与使用TARCH模型所得结论相反。研究结果非常依赖研究时所使用的方法。     

Testing the cluster hypothesis in distributed information retrieval

How to merge and organise query results retrieved from different resources is one of the key issues in distributed information retrieval. Some previous research and experiments suggest that cluster-based document browsing is more effective than a single merged list. Cluster-based retrieval results presentation is based on the cluster hypothesis, which states that documents that cluster together have a similar relevance to a given query. However, while this hypothesis has been demonstrated to hold in classical information retrieval environments, it has never been fully tested in heterogeneous distributed information retrieval environments. Heterogeneous document representations, the presence of document duplicates, and disparate qualities of retrieval results, are major features of an heterogeneous distributed information retrieval environment that might disrupt the effectiveness of the cluster hypothesis. In this paper we report on an experimental investigation into the validity and effectiveness of the cluster hypothesis in highly heterogeneous distributed information retrieval environments. The results show that although clustering is affected by different retrieval results representations and quality, the cluster hypothesis still holds and that generating hierarchical clusters in highly heterogeneous distributed information retrieval environments is still a very effective way of presenting retrieval results to users.     

A study of results overlap and uniqueness among major Web search engines

The performance and capabilities of Web search engines is an important and significant area of research. Millions of people world wide use Web search engines very day. This paper reports the results of a major study examining the overlap among results retrieved by multiple Web search engines for a large set of more than 10,000 queries. Previous smaller studies have discussed a lack of overlap in results returned by Web search engines for the same queries. The goal of the current study was to conduct a large-scale study to measure the overlap of search results on the first result page (both non-sponsored and sponsored) across the four most popular Web search engines, at specific points in time using a large number of queries. The Web search engines included in the study were MSN Search, Google, Yahoo! and Ask Jeeves. Our study then compares these results with the first page results retrieved for the same queries by the metasearch engine Dogpile.com. Two sets of randomly selected user-entered queries, one set was 10,316 queries and the other 12,570 queries, from Infospace’s Dogpile.com search engine (the first set was from Dogpile, the second was from across the Infospace Network of search properties were submitted to the four single Web search engines). Findings show that the percent of total results unique to only one of the four Web search engines was 84.9%, shared by two of the three Web search engines was 11.4%, shared by three of the Web search engines was 2.6%, and shared by all four Web search engines was 1.1%. This small degree of overlap shows the significant difference in the way major Web search engines retrieve and rank results in response to given queries. Results point to the value of metasearch engines in Web retrieval to overcome the biases of individual search engines.     

Glucometers-need for external quality control

We performed a pilot accuracy study on glucometers from three sources: “Advantage” from Boehringer Mannheim (A), “Glucometer^* 4” from Bayer (B) and “One Touch Basic” from Life Scan (C) and compared these results with the results on autoanalyzers-Dimension RxL (1) and Hitachi 704 (2). Each glucometer was tested with venous blood in duplicate, from three different groups of 20 patients each, at random, on three different days, in our outpatient phlebotomy section. The rest of the sample was collected into heparinized tubes & the plasma separated within 15 minutes of sample collection & analyzed on both the analyzers in duplicates. The data were analyzed for accuracy by tabulating the number and percentage of test values that vary from the analyzer (reference) method by 10% or less, by 10% to 20%, or greater than 20% and the results tabulated on the Accuracy Study Table. This being a pilot study and the numbers being small, it may be suggested from the Accuracy Study Table alone, that the results of glucose in whole blood done with glucometer (A) were comparable with that of plasma values without applying any factor; whereas the results with glucometers (B) & (C) need to be divided by 1.11 to be comparable with plasma results; statistically though, results with glucometer (C) were comparable with or without factor. Patients using glucometers need to be alerted about the variance in their glucose results when compared to laboratory results, more clearly by the respective companies in their product inserts. An external quality control material that is glucometer method specific is needed, so that the Clinical Biochemistry laboratory in any hospital setup can more effectively monitor the performance of the glucometers in the wards periodically.     

Challenging conventional assumptions of automated information retrieval with real users: Boolean searching and batch retrieval evaluations

Two common assumptions held by information retrieval researchers are that searching using Boolean operators is inferior to natural language searching and that results from batch-style retrieval evaluations are generalizable to the real-world searching. We challenged these assumptions in the Text Retrieval Conference (TREC) interactive track, with real users following a consensus protocol to search for an instance recall task. Our results showed that Boolean and natural language searching achieved comparable results and that the results from batch evaluations were not comparable to those obtained in experiments with real users.     

Differential subordination and superordination of analytic functions defined by the Dziok-Srivastava linear operator

Differential subordination and superordination results are obtained for analytic functions in the open unit disk which are associated with the Dziok-Srivastava linear operator. These results are obtained by investigating appropriate classes of admissible functions. Sandwich-type results are also obtained.     

Evaluating WordBars in exploratory Web search scenarios

Web searchers commonly have difficulties crafting queries to fulfill their information needs; even after they are able to craft a query, they often find it challenging to evaluate the results of their Web searches. Sources of these problems include the lack of support for constructing and refining queries, and the static nature of the list-based representations of Web search results. WordBars has been developed to assist users in their Web search and exploration tasks. This system provides a visual representation of the frequencies of the terms found in the first 100 document surrogates returned from an initial query, in the form of a histogram. Exploration of the search results is supported through term selection in the histogram, resulting in a re-sorting of the search results based on the use of the selected terms in the document surrogates. Terms from the histogram can be easily added or removed from the query, generating a new set of search results. Examples illustrate how WordBars can provide valuable support for query refinement and search results exploration, both when vague and specific initial queries are provided. User evaluations with both expert and intermediate Web searchers illustrate the benefits of the interactive exploration features of WordBars in terms of effectiveness as well as subjective measures. Although differences were found in the demographics of these two user groups, both were able to benefit from the features of WordBars.     

自主创新与科技成果转化

本文从可转化的有效性科技成果供给不足、科研管理体制与市场不接轨、转化科技成果的有效性需求不足等方面分析了我国自主创新面临的科技成果转化问题,进而提出了转变科研模式,提供符合市场需求的有效科技成果;深化企业改革,使企业真正成为技术创新主体;建立和健全多元化社会资本运行机制,提高科技成果转化的对策研究。     

Toward creating a fairer ranking in search engine results

With the increasing popularity and social influence of search engines in IR, various studies have raised concerns on the presence of bias in search engines and the social responsibilities of IR systems. As an essential component of search engine, ranking is a crucial mechanism in presenting the search results or recommending items in a fair fashion. In this article, we focus on the top-k diversity fairness ranking in terms of statistical parity fairness and disparate impact fairness. The former fairness definition provides a balanced overview of search results where the number of documents from different groups are equal; The latter enables a realistic overview where the proportion of documents from different groups reflect the overall proportion. Using 100 queries and top 100 results per query from Google as the data, we first demonstrate how topical diversity bias is present in the top web search results. Then, with our proposed entropy-based metrics for measuring the degree of bias, we reveal that the top search results are unbalanced and disproportionate to their overall diversity distribution. We explore several fairness ranking strategies to investigate the relationship between fairness, diversity, novelty and relevance. Our experimental results show that using a variant of fair ε-greedy strategy, we could bring more fairness and enhance diversity in search results without a cost of relevance. In fact, we can improve the relevance and diversity by introducing the diversity fairness. Additional experiments with TREC datasets containing 50 queries demonstrate the robustness of our proposed strategies and our findings on the impact of fairness. We present a series of correlation analysis on the amount of fairness and diversity, showing that statistical parity fairness highly correlates with diversity while disparate impact fairness does not. This provides clear and tangible implications for future works where one would want to balance fairness, diversity and relevance in search results.     

千烟洲红壤丘陵水资源合理开发利用途径

千烟洲红壤丘陵水资源合理开发利用途径是以小型塘坝为主，拦蓄地表径流，发展生态立体农业，定点试验获得成功。经济、生态、社会效益都很好，科研成果已推广到上面，同时又提出了进一步搞好试区水利建设的意见，点面结合，使科研成果不断转化成生产力。     

RegCM3 不同分辨率对西北地区夏季温度和降水模拟结果的影响

我国西北地区是世界上气候变率较大的地区之一,其气候变化在中国、东亚及全球的气候变化中都占有重要地位。利用区域气候模式RegCM3,选取2种不同的水平分辨率30kin和50km,对我国西北地区2001年夏季的温度和降水情况进行数值模拟,与同时段的实测资料进行对比,结果表明：模式基本能反映出西北地区温度和降水的变化情况,其中温度和降水的模拟效果均是在6月最差,并且在西北整个区域中,对于青海地区的模拟效果较差;在对气温的模拟中,分辨率的不同并没有对结果产生显著的影响,总体上模拟结果产生了系统性的冷偏差;对于降水的模拟中,模拟的不同区域对于分辨率的敏感程度不同,分辨率变化对于新疆地区的模拟影响最小,内蒙和宁夏地区所受影响较大,并且分辨率提高不一定会带来模拟结果的明显改善,不同区域在不同的月份对于分辨率改变引起的模拟偏差有所不同,内蒙7月,30km分辨率下模拟偏差为8.0％,50km的偏差为43.8％;宁夏8月,30km分辨率下模拟偏差为33．0％,50km的偏差为0．9％;在进行的西北地区夏季分辨卒调整带来的温度和降水影响试验中,对于温度的模拟要优于对降水的模拟。     

Interpreting the web-mining results by cognitive map and association rule approach

A variety of the web-mining techniques are now being extensively utilized to extract useful knowledge about customer behaviors on the Internet. However, the naive interpretation of the web-mining results would lead to poor decision on customer behaviors, which is likely to cause waste of time and efforts on managing electronic commerce strategy. To overcome this pitfall, this study proposes using the cognitive map-based interpretation of the web-mining results. Conventional approach to obtaining the web-mining results is based on the association rule approach (ARA), while the cognitive map approach (CMA) is believed to provide more robust support in interpreting the web-mining results. Therefore, to compare the interpretation capability of the two approaches, the four constructs such as perceived usefulness, causality, information richness, users’ attitude and intention to use the approaches are adopted in the research model and tested against the questionnaire data. The test results obtained through applying the structural equation models reveal that CMA is comparable to ARA and the cognitive map has a great potential in helping enrich the interpretation of the web mining results and build more effective Internet business strategy.     

动力降尺度法对鄱阳湖区风能资源模拟效果分析

本文利用中尺度数值模式MM5以及Calmet模型,结合地面和高空观测资料对鄱阳湖区复杂地形条件下风能资源进行动力降尺度研究,并结合鄱阳湖区4个代表风场一年实测资料对模拟结果进行全面分析,得出:动力降尺度方法能够较好地模拟出鄱阳湖区风能资源的空间分布,鄱阳湖区风功率密度高值区主要在鄱阳湖区狭长湖道南侧的水域和湖岸两侧,鄱阳湖北部狭管湖道为高值中心区。风能资源的数值模拟结果月变化特征与观测期间大风出现的时间十分吻合。各风场风向、风能方向以及风速频率分布模拟与实测结果比较一致,但在量级上有一定的偏差。各风场日平均风速模拟值与实测值年相关系数为0.647～0.780,鄱阳湖区70m高度年平均风速模拟值与测风塔实测值相对误差为6.77%。总体来说,动力降尺度方法模拟效果较好,可以作为区域风能资源评价和特性分析的有效手段。     

高技术产业R&D效率分析

利用我国“十五”期间高技术产业科技活动的统计数据,运用DEA和超效率DEA模型,对我国五个高技术产业的R＆D效率进行分析,获得了我国“十五”期间高技术产业R＆D效率的基本情况.结果表明,“十五”期间,我国某些高技术产业一直表现为R＆D的高效率,而有些高技术产业则效率较低.基于研究结果,提出了一些政策建议.     

无尽的对角线

本文尝试以简单的对角线直观,连贯起数理逻辑史上的几个重大结果,一方面介绍其背后的动机、思想,另一方面强调对角线方法的意义。文章重思想,不重技术,或许可为从思想方面理解这些结果提供一条线索。     

基于技术研发与基础研究关联的中国重点技术领域前沿主题预测

[研究目的]基于技术研发与基础研究的关联挖掘技术领域前沿主题,对于促进基础研究成果转化具有重要意义。但是现有技术领域前沿主题预测或者来自专利或者依据文献分析,存在基础研究与技术研发的脱节。[研究方法]以专利代表技术研发成果,通过专利的非专利引文建立技术研发与基础研究的关联关系,并提出一种综合考虑专利引用基础研究成果时滞及专利科学循环周期预测技术领域前沿主题的方法。[研究结论]研究结果显示:a.可基于技术研发成果集中引用基础研究成果的时滞区间,通过基础研究成果主题预测技术领域前沿主题;b.中国农业技术领域前沿主题包括种质资源发掘保存与创新、畜禽健康养殖与疫病防护、环保型肥料创制等;c.中国材料技术领域前沿主题包括智能材料与结构制备技术、高温超导材料与制备技术;d.中国能源技术领域前沿主题包括大规模输配电和电网安全保障、可再生能源低成本规模化开发利用、氢能及燃料电池技术等;e.中国网络信息技术领域前沿主题包括传感器网络与智能信息处理、智能感知技术、信息安全保障技术等;f.中国制造与工程技术领域前沿主题包括极端制造技术、数字化与智能化设计制造。