Element discriminability as a determinant of serial-pattern learning

Hulse and Dorsky found that rats were better able to track (run slowly to) 0 food pellets in a strongly monotonic (decreasing) serial pattern (14-7-3-1-0 food pellets) than in either a weakly monotonic one (14-5-5-1-0) or a nonmonotonic one (14-1-3-7-0). These findings were seen as incompatible with associative approaches based on animal experiments. Instead, they were taken to be consistent with cognitive theories of human behavior that relate pattern difficulty to formally defined structural complexity. In Experiment 1, tracking was found to be poorer with a strongly monotonie series (15-10-5-0) than with either of two weakly monotonic series (15-15-0-0 or 14-14-2-0), and in Experiment 2 a nonmonotonic series (1-29-0) produced better tracking than a strongly monotonic one (20-10-0). Although these results are not necessarily incompatible with the structural complexity view, they do suggest that “element discriminability” is a factor in serial-pattern learning. They are, therefore, compatible with a memory approach that views tracking as a form of discrimination learning.     

(E)-2-(1,3-二硫戊环-2-亚基)-3-羰基-5-芳基-4-戊烯酸酯的合成

成功地实现了对酸敏感的（E）-2-（1，3-二硫戊环-2-亚基）-3-羰基-5-芳基4-戊烯酸1与脂肪醇的酯化反应，以较好的产率生成相应的酯3．     

Rn+1中等参超曲面

设Mn是R^n＋1的n维C^∞超曲面，λ1，λ2，…，λn为M^n的主曲率.假设Mt^n为M^n的等参超曲面，且-↑λ1（t），-↑λ2（t），…，-↑λn（t）为Mt^n的主曲率.本文证得如下的结论：M^n为R^n＋1中的等参超曲面当且仅当（nk）Ml（x，t）=∑-↑λ1（t）-↑λ2（t）…-↑λl（t）不依赖于参数t，其中Ml表示l-th平均曲率.     

浅谈清朝进士科的各级考试

我国的科举考试开始于隋唐,经过宋、元、明的发展,到清代已基本定型。其中,进士科考试在我国古代的选官用人制度中起到了相当大的作用。本文在认真研读有关进士科考试的大量历史古籍的基础上,详细透析了进士科的各级考试,旨在提高人们对人才的重视。     

多分枝咔唑衍生物的双光子吸收和双光子荧光性质

通过Wittig反应合成了咔唑衍生物9-乙基-3-{5-（4-叔丁基苯基）-[1,3,4]二唑-2-苯乙烯基}-咔唑（2）和9-乙基-3,6-双{5（4-叔丁基苯基）-[1,3,4]噁二唑-2-苯乙烯基}-咔唑（3）,用核磁共振和红外光谱进行了结构表征．实验测定了咔唑衍生物的双光子吸收和双光子诱导荧光性质．这些化合物的双光子吸收截面较大,在800nm波长的激光激发下发出很强的蓝色双光子上转换荧光．实验中观察到了多枝结构在双光子吸收中的协同效应．这样的协同效应部分原因是由于多分枝间电子耦合作用,多分枝分子中重复单元的推拉电子结构和协同效应有效地增强了分子的双光子吸收性质．     

Reviews

Books reviewed in this article:
Ridley, Dale Scott & Walther, Bill (1995) Creating Responsible Learners: The Role of a Positive Clnssroom Enviroment American Psychological Association, Washington 1-55 798-295-3 614.50 121 pp
Seek, Barbara B (1995) ed lnstructional Design Fundamentals: A Reconsideration Educational Technology Publications, Englewood Cliffs. NJ 0-87778-284-9 $37.95 278 pp
Thorley, Lyn & Gregory, Roy (1994) eds Using Group-based Learning in Higher Education Kogan Page, London (and Philadelphia) 0-7494-1246-1 £14.95 194 pp
Wilson, Brent G et al (1994) Technology Making a Difference: The Peakview Elementary School Study ERIC, Syracuse 0-937597-39-2 $17 230 pp
Faludy, Tanya & Faludy, Alexander (1996) A Little Edge of Darkness: A Boy's Triumph over Dyslexia Jessica Kingsley, London 1-85302-357- 4 £9.95 160 pp     

紫外光谱法研究2-羟甲基苯并咪唑与DNA的相互作用

用紫外光谱法和黏度法研究2-羟甲基苯并咪唑与DNA的相互作用,考察离子强度对两者相互作用的影响。结果表明：在pH=7.40的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液中,DNA使2-羟甲基苯并咪唑的紫外吸收光谱减色且红移,测得2-羟甲基苯并咪唑与DNA的结合常数为5.2×107 L?mol-1。随2-羟甲基苯并咪唑浓度增大,DNA黏度增大,NaCl浓度增加,DNA-2-羟甲基苯并咪唑体系吸光度无明显变化,2-羟甲基苯并咪唑以嵌插作用方式与DNA结合。     

bcl-2、c-myc在胃癌前病变、胃癌组织中的表达及意义

取胃镜活检标本93例,SP免疫组化法检测bcl-2、c-myc基因蛋白。结果表明bcl-2基因蛋白表达率在伴有上皮异型增生(GED)和肠化生(IM)的慢性浅表性胃炎(CSG)、慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)明显高于不伴GED、IM组(P<0.05-0.01)。c-myc表达则差异不明显P1>0.05。GC及伴有GED、IM癌旁粘膜与不伴GED、IM的癌旁粘膜比较,bcl-2与c-myc的表达差异均非常显著(P<0.01)。bcl-2、c-myc共同表达阳性率在CSG、CAG、癌旁粘膜中伴有GED和IM组及胃癌组分别为60.0％、34.8％、54.5％、36.8％。而无GED、IM组均无阳性表达(P<0.05-0.01)。bcl-2、c-myc阳性表达与患者年龄、性别无关(P>0.05)。本文对它们表达的意义进行了讨论。     

以Ag作为构筑单元的二维配位聚合物的合成与表征

配住聚合物[Ag(L)2ClO4]是以N,N-(2-吡啶)-(4-吡啶甲基)胺和AgClO4为原料,通过水(溶剂)热法合成.X单晶结构解析显示N,N-(2-吡啶)-(4-吡啶甲基)胺通过2-吡啶和4-吡啶甲基的N原子桥联Ag,形成菱形网格,配体N,N-(2-吡啶)-(4-吡啶甲基)胺的两个苯环互相垂直,并以Ag和分子间氢键为中心.化合物晶体数据单斜晶系,C2/c空间群,晶胞参数a=0.848 31(6)nm,b=1.725 4(1)nm,c=1.669 9(1)nm,β=99.677(6)°.V=2.559 4(1)nm3.     

EAG and behavioral responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis> males to volatiles from poplar leaves and their combinations with sex pheromone

Electroantennogram (EAG) evaluation of selected compounds from wilted leaves of black poplar, Populus nigra, showed that phenyl acetaldehyde, methyl salicylate, (E)-2-hexenal elicited strong responses from male antennae of Helicoverpa armigera. When mixed with sex pheromone (Ph), some volatiles, e.g. phenyl acetaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, phenylethanol, methylsalicylate, linalool, benzaldehyde, (Z)-3-hexenol, (Z)-3-hexenylacetate, (Z)-6-nonenol, cineole, (E)-2-hexenal, and geraniol elicited stronger responses from male antennae than Ph alone. Wind tunnel bioassay demonstrated that various volatiles could either enhance or inhibit the effect of synthetic sex pheromone. (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol and linalool in combination with Ph could not induce any male to land on source at all, whereas phenyl acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, (Z)-6-nonenol and salicylaldehyde combined with Ph enhanced male response rates by 58.63%, 50.33%, 51.85% and 127.78%, respectively, compared to Ph alone. These results suggested that some volatiles should modify sex pheromone caused behavior and that some of them couldpossibly be used as a tool for disrupting mating or for enhancing the effect of synthetic sex pheromone in the field. Project supported by Knowledge Innovation Program from Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (No. KSCX2-02-5-2) and Shanghai Commission of Science and Technology (Nos. 023912004 and 01JC14051), China     

2-取代-5-（2-苯并呋喃基）-2-芳胺基亚甲基-1，3，4-噁二唑类化合物的合成

回流条件下,以2-氯亚甲基-5-苯并呋喃-1,3,4-噁二唑为中间体,合成了一系列新的1,3,4-噁二唑类化合物。用元素分析、IR及^1HNMR确证了其结构。     

第一类Stirling数与Bernoulli数的解析表示式

给出第1类stirling数与Bernou lli数的解析表示式S1(n,n)=1 n∈N+n-1S1(n,m)=(-1)n-m∑k2=n-mk1∑k1-1k2=n-m-1k2…∑kn-m-2-1kn-m-1=2kn-m-1∑kn-m-1-1kn-m=1kn-mn,m∈N+,n>mb1=12b2=1n!∑n-1i=1(-1)n-ii+1∑n-1k1=n-ik1∑k1-1k2=n-i-1k2…∑kn-i-2-1kn-i-1=2kn-i-1∑kn-i-1-1kn-i=1kn-i+1(n+1)!n∈N+,n≥2因此解决了它们的计算问题。     

水稻叶片中硫代脲酸酯、脲酸酯的分离鉴定和生物活性研究

从水稻叶片中分离出两种天然脲类化合物:4-（邻硝基苯基）-3-硫代脲酸乙酯和4-（邻硝基苯基）-3-脲酸乙酯。两者的波谱分析数据已测得。它们具有特殊的生物活性。     

Essay Review

David Crook &; Richard Aldrich (eds.), History of Education for the Twenty-first Century (London, Institute of Education, University of London, 2000) xi + 8 pp. [= Bedford Way Papers, 14] ISBN 0-85473-619-0 Richard Aldrich (ed.), A Century of Education (London-New York, Routledge Falmer, 2002) xx + 245 pp., ISBN 0-415-24323-8 Petra Götte & Wolfgang Gippert (Hrsg.), Historische P dagogik am Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts. Bilanzen und Perspektiven. Christa Berg zum 60. Geburtstag (Essen, Klartext, 2000) 269 pp., ISBN 3-88474-888-2 Thomas S. Popkewitz, Barry M. Franklin & Miguel A. Pereyra (eds.), Cultural History and Education. Critical Essays on Knowledge and Schooling (New York-London, Routledge Falmer, 2001) viii + 369 pp., ISBN 0-415-92805-2, ISBN 0-415-92806-0     

发光层厚度对红光磷光聚芴电致发光性能的影响

文章采用喹啉氮杂环类锒配合物[（PPQ）2Ir（acac）]为客体,以聚芴和2-（4-二苯基）-5-（4-叔丁基苯基）-1,3,4-噁二唑（PBD）为主体,研究了不同发光层厚度对有机电致发光器件性能的影响．随着发光层厚度的增加,相同电压下器件的电流密度和发光亮度逐步减小,表现出明显的电荷捕获机制．当厚度达到70nm时,得到了发光亮度为1792cd／m^2,发光效率为6．16cd／A的高性能红光器件．     

不同稀释液对波尔山羊精液冷冻效果的比较

本实验采集4头波尔山羊种公羊精液,比较4种精液冷冻保存稀释液配方[A葡萄糖-柠檬酸钠-乙二胺四乙酸;B乳糖-葡萄糖-柠檬酸钠;C葡萄糖-柠檬酸钠-三羟甲基氨基甲烷;D蔗糖-葡萄糖-柠檬酸-谷氨酸-三羟甲基氨基甲烷]并进行细管和颗粒不同冻精制作,测定解冻后精子活率、畸形率、顶体完整率.结果表明,D稀释液解冻后的精子活率平均为40.50%,顶体完整率50.25%,优于A和B液,呈显著或极显著差异(P<0.05,P<0.01),而C稀释液解冻后的精子活率平均为38.5%,顶体完整率48.48%,优于A和B(P<0.05);细管冻精效果优于颗粒冻精(P<0.05).结论:最佳处理方式为利用D稀释液配方进行细管冻精.     

The new modes of Palladium - catalyzed cross - coupling, dimerization and domino - tetracyclization of boroxines, trans - 1 - Bromo - 2 - styrylbenzene, and bromodienynes. A personal Ph. D. And Postdoctoral research review

[I].Synthesisandpalladium -catalyzedcross -couplingreac tionoftris[4 - (trimethylsilyl)furan - 3-yl]boroxineandtris[4 -(substituted)furan - 3-yl]boroxine .3,4 -Disubstitutedfuransareimportantbuildingblocksofhet erocycliccompounds,inacontinuationofthestudyonpossibleroutesto 3,4 -disubstitutedfuran ,Iwasinterestedinexploringtheroleofasilylgroupasapotentialdirectinggroupbecausesilylgroupsarewell-knownfortheir ( -donatingcharacter.Theirtendencytostabilizea ( -carbocationthroughtheso -called (p - (…     

EAG and behavioral responses of Helicoverpa armigera males to volatiles from poplar leaves and their combinations with sex pheromone

Electroantennogram (EAG) evaluation of selected compounds from wilted leaves ofblack poplar,Populus nigra,showed that phenyl acetaldehyde, methyl salicylate, (E)-2-hexenal elicited strong responses from male antennae of Helicoverpa armigera. When mixed with sex pheromone (Ph), some volatiles, e.g. phenyl acetaldehyde, benzyl alcohol,phenylethanol, methylsalicylate, linalool, benzaldehyde, (Z)-3-hexenol, (Z)-3-hexenylacetate, (Z)-6-nonenol, cineole, (E)-2-hexenal, and geraniol elicited stronger responses from male antennae than Ph alone. Wind tunnel bioassay demonstrated that various volatiles could either enhance or inhibit the effect of synthetic sex pheromone. (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol and linalool in combination with Ph could not induce any male to land on source at all, whereas phenyl acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, (Z)-6-nonenol and salicylaldehyde combined with Ph enhanced male response rates by 58.63%,50.33%, 51.85% and 127.78%, respectively, compared to Ph alone. These results suggested that some volatiles should modify sex pheromone caused behavior and that some of them could possibly be used as a tool for disrupting mating or for enhancing the effect of synthetic sex pheromone in the field.     

Reviews

Books reviewed
Ronald Barnett (2003) Beyond All Reason: Living with Ideology in the University . Buckingham: Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press. 231 pp; ISBN 0-335-20894-0 (hb.) £65; 0-335-20893-2 (pb.) £22.50.
Cecile Deer (2002) Higher Education in England and France Since the 1980s . Oxford: Symposium Books. 208 pp; ISBN 1-873927-64-9. £24.00 (pb).     

Proapoptotic and pronecrosis effect of different truncated hepatitis C virus core proteins

Objective: To study the roles of different truncated hepatitis C virus (HCV) core proteins (CORE) in the pathogenesis of HCV persistent infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to assess intracellular localization in transiently transfected cells. Methods: Seven truncated CORE-GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion protein expression plasmids were constructed,which contained HCV CORE sequences derived from tumor tissues (BT) and non-tumor tissues (BNT) from one patient infected with HCV. Amino acid (aa) lengths were BT: 1-172 aa, 1-126 aa, 1-58 aa, 59-126 aa, 127-172 aa; BNT: 1-172 aa and C191:1-172 aa respectively. Subcellular localization of CORE-GFP was analyzed by con-focal laser scanning microscope. Apoptosis and necrosis were quantified by flow cytometry. Results: Different truncated CORE-GFP localized mainly in the cytoplasm, but nuclear staining was also observed. HCV CORE could induce apoptosis and necrosis, and different truncated COREs could induce cell apoptosis and necrosis at different levels. Among the same length 1-172 aa of BT, BNT and C191, the cell apoptosis and necrosis percentage of BT is highest, and C191 is the lowest (BT＞BNT＞C191). To the different fragment COREs of BT,N-terminal of CORE induced apoptosis and necrosis higher, compared with that of C-terminal (1-172 aa＞1-126 aa＞1-58aa＞ 127-172 aa＞59-126 aa). Conclusion: These results suggest HCV CORE could induce apoptosis and necrosis of cells, which might play an important role in the pathogenesis of HCV persistent infection and HCC and the different CORE domains of different HCV quasi-species might have some difference in their pathogenesis.