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1.
Selahattin G?nen 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2008,17(1):70-81
The aims of this study were considered under three headings. The first was to elicit misconception that science and physics
student teachers (pre-service teachers) had about the terms, ‘‘inertial mass’’, ‘‘gravitational mass’’, ‘‘gravity’’, ‘‘gravitational
force’’ and “weight”. The second was to understand how prior learning affected their misconceptions, and whether teachers’
misconceptions affected their students’ learning. The third was to determine the differences between science and physics student
teachers’ understanding levels related to mass and gravity, and between their logical thinking ability levels and their attitudes
toward physics lessons. A total of 267 science and physics student teachers participated in the study. Data collection instruments
included the physics concept test, the logical thinking ability test and physics attitude scale. All instruments were administered
to the participants at the end of the 3rd semester of their university years. The physics test consisting of paper and pencil
test involving 16 questions was designed, but only four questions were related to mass and gravity; the second test consisted
of 10 questions with two stages. The third test however, consisted of 15 likert type items. As a result of the analysis undertaken,
it was found that student teachers had serious misconceptions about inertia, gravity, gravitational acceleration, gravitational
force and weight concepts. The results also revealed that student teachers generally had positive attitudes toward physics
lessons, and their logical thinking level was fairly good. 相似文献
2.
Min-Jeong Jeon Guemin Lee Jeong-Won Hwang Sang-Jin Kang 《Asia Pacific Education Review》2009,10(2):149-158
The purpose of this study was to investigate the methods of estimating the reliability of school-level scores using generalizability
theory and multilevel models. Two approaches, ‘student within schools’ and ‘students within schools and subject areas,’ were
conceptualized and implemented in this study. Four methods resulting from the combination of these two approaches with generalizability
theory and multilevel models were compared for both balanced and unbalanced data. The generalizability theory and multilevel
models for the ‘students within schools’ approach produced the same variance components and reliability estimates for the
balanced data, while failing to do so for the unbalanced data. The different results from the two models can be explained
by the fact that they administer different procedures in estimating the variance components used, in turn, to estimate reliability.
Among the estimation methods investigated in this study, the generalizability theory model with the ‘students nested within
schools crossed with subject areas’ design produced the lowest reliability estimates. Fully nested designs such as (students:schools)
or (subject areas:students:schools) would not have any significant impact on reliability estimates of school-level scores.
Both methods provide very similar reliability estimates of school-level scores. 相似文献
3.
MS Ruth Coulson 《Research in Science Education》1992,22(1):101-105
The attitude towards science of first year early childhood education students was explored using an instrument developed for
the purpose. The instrument comprises four Likert-type scales, biographical items and two open-ended attitude items. The four
scales, characterised as ‘confidence’, ‘enjoyment’, ‘usefulness’ and ‘appropriateness of science for young children’, were
supported by varimax factor analysis and had reliabilities from 0.83 to 0.88. Use of the combined scales as a general ‘attitude
towards science’ scale was supported by principal components analysis; reliability for the combined scale was 0.94. Comments
made in response to the open-ended items supported the validity of the scales. For the student group as a whole, mean scores
on all scales were slightly to moderately positive, with the highest mean being for the ‘science for young children’ scale.
Students who had studied at least one science subject at Year 12 level had significantly higher scores on all scales than
students who had not studied science at senior level.
Australia.Specializations: early childhood science education, biological aspects of child development, conservation biology of gulls. 相似文献
4.
Helen Ormiston-Smith 《Research in Science Education》1993,23(1):222-227
My Masters research project is a discourse analysis of physics textbooks. I am using the term ‘discourse’ in its sociological
sense rather than its linguistic sense. I have interpreted my endeavours to date as showing that there is a basic confusion
underlying the writing of textbooks. Whilst authors believe that they are revealing the universe to the student/reader, they
understand tacitly that more is required than just revelation. I wish to argue that the ‘more that is required’ would be more
readily constructed by authors if they understood that what they are doing is arguing a case: a case that scientific knowledge
is an effective and appropriate way of interpreting the world.
Specializations: physics education, physics textbooks, physics teacher education. 相似文献
5.
Interactivity, group learning and student engagement are accepted as key features of social constructivist learning theories.
The challenge is to understand the interplay between such features in different learning environments. This study focused
on the qualitative differences between two interventions—small-groups and whole-class discussions. In both interventions,
three short video slices on the abstract topic ‘the physics of superconductivity’ were interspersed with the different discussion
styles. The video slices are based on the Bruner stages. Twenty-nine first year university physics students completed a pre-test,
underwent the intervention and completed a post-test. The remainder of the data were collected from student drawings, video
recordings, observer notes and facilitator feedback. Results indicate that the use of the video slices in both interventions
were successful in changing students’ understandings of superconductivity. However, the small groups treatment tended to facilitate
questioning, meaning-making and subsequent changes of ideas more so than the whole class discussions. Implications for research
and practice are discussed. 相似文献
6.
7.
Bruce Macfarlane 《Higher Education》2012,63(6):719-732
The scholarly debate about academic freedom focuses almost exclusively on the rights of academic faculty. Student academic
freedom is rarely discussed and is normally confined to debates connected with the politicisation of the curriculum. Concerns
about (student) freedom of speech reflect the dominant role of negative rights in the analysis of academic freedom representing
‘threats’ to academic freedom in terms of rights which may be taken away from a person rather than conferred on them. This
paper draws on the distinction between negative and positive rights and the work of Sen (1999) to re-frame student academic freedom as capability. It is argued that capability deprivation has a negative impact on the
extent to which students can exercise academic freedom in practice and that student capability can be enhanced through a liberal
education that empowers rather than domesticates students. 相似文献
8.
This study contributes to research that characterises the affective learning that is evoked and taken on by students in response
to their perceptions of their contextual learning environments. Interview-discussions were held with lecturers of both introductory
and higher-level physics courses (n = 3) concerning how they formulated their patterns of teaching in terms of a particular conceptual framing that they considered
to best optimize making learning possible. Subsequently their students (n = 212) were asked with written questions, and some select follow-up interview-discussions, to describe what they expected
from ‘a good physics lecturer’. The relationships between these two things—the lecturer’s crafting of practice and the students’
expectations of quality teaching—were investigated. Results show that students’ expectations tend to match their lecturers’
practice, indicating that students are strongly influenced by a contextually based appreciation of ‘good’ teaching. 相似文献
9.
Hubert M. F. De Neve 《Higher Education》1991,22(1):63-89
Student evaluation of instruction (SEI) is a common practice in higher education. Despite a great deal of progress that has
been made during the last two decades of SEI-research, some questions remain unanswered. One of the unsolved problems concerns
theutility of SEI, i.e., its efficacy for improving instruction. Apparently there is a need for understanding ‘how university teachershandle SEI-feedback.’ In that perspective cognitive and motivational psychology stress the importance of the so-calledsubjective theory of a teacher about his lecturing.
This empirical study was focused on teachers' conceptualisation of lecturing, as related to student ratings. For representing
a teacher's subjective theory and his interpretation of SEI-feedback, theHiclas-algorithm of De Boeck and Rosenberg (1988) was used, corresponding to theirHierarchical Classes Model.
Results indicate that the lecturer's interpretation of student ratings and his/her ‘thinking about lecturing’ are crucial
elements for an effective use of SEI as an improvement strategy. It gives one explanation why student evaluation of university
teaching does (or does not) change teaching behaviour.
The author is indebted to Prof. Piet J. Janssen and Prof. Joost Lowyck for their assistance in this research. 相似文献
10.
Andrew Marks 《Higher Education》2005,50(4):613-630
This paper argues that the conceptions of ‘space’ (and increasingly ‘time’) in the discussion of ‘the university’ (in its
most transcendent sense) have gone through four distinct phases in the UK. Using a Heideggerian conception of ‘space’ where
usefulness is more important than proximity, the ‘ancient’ universities were ‘useful’ to the gentry and thus were ‘closer’
to them than to the excluded ‘local’ poor in the institutions’ vicinities. The ‘civic’ universities on the other hand stressed
‘localism’ as part of their mandate – to educate the people of their locality (but only those of the new industrial middle
class). The ‘Robbins’ universities were a partial return to the ‘ancient’ notion of learning as a ‘lived’ activity, providing
scenic landscapes on green-belt campuses where students could ‘retreat’ from the ‘real world’ for the duration of their studies.
The ‘spatial’ quality of these places was thus part of a conception of higher education as ‘lifestyle choice’ where young
people moved away from their locality to study. As such ‘proximity’ was an issue only insofar as the greater the distance
from one’s point of origin the better for successful immersion in the growing student ‘culture’. The ‘new/post-1992’ universities
partially retained their polytechnic mandate to educate local people, but embraced a colonialist impulse regarding local space
usage. ‘
‘The discussion can be further refined to argue that these four stages are merely two phases which have repeated themselves:
from ancient ‘exclusivity’ to civic ‘localism’ and back to Robbins era ‘exclusivity’ and thence to post-1992 ‘localism’ once
more’. The opening up of higher education via the Internet in the late 20th and early 21st centuries provides for the possibility
of the growth of entirely non-spatial and asynchronous learning experiences, and as such we may well be on the verge of the
fifth stage of university development. 相似文献
11.
Judit N. Moschkovich 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》1998,37(2):169-197
This article uses an evolutionary perspective of conceptual change to consider in detail a conception in the domain of linear
functions. The analysis focuses on the nature of students' use of the x-intercept in equations of the form y = mx + b by summarizing
the results of written assessments and presenting two case studies of students exploring and discussing linear equations and
their graphs. I argue that the uses of the x-intercept documented in this study are not a superficial error, a simple mismatch
with convention, or a misconception. Instead, this student conception is analyzed as an instance of a ‘transitional conception:’
a conception which is the result of sense-making, reflects the complexity of the domain, is productive in some contexts, and
has the potential for refinement. The participants in the study were nine pairs of ninth and tenth grade students from an
exemplary first-year algebra course. These students participated in videotaped discussion sessions with a peer of their choice
where they used graphing software to explore linear equations and their graphs. The discussion sessions involved problems
designed on the basis of student conceptions suggested in previous research (Moschkovich, 1989; Schoenfeld, Smith & Arcavi,
1993) and in classroom observations (Moschkovich, 1990). Protocol analysis of the videotaped discussion sessions was used
to explore the nature and transformation of students' conceptions in this domain. Several uses of the x-intercept were documented
in the written assessments and in the videotaped discussions. I summarize the results of the written assessments and present
an analysis of the discussions for two pairs of students to show that the use of the x-intercept can be framed as a ‘transitional
conception’
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
We hypothesized that college major persistence would be predicted by first-year academic performance and an interest-major
composite score that is derived from a student’s entering major and two work task scores. Using a large data set representing
25 four-year institutions and nearly 50,000 students, we randomly split the sample into an estimation sample and a validation
sample. Using the estimation sample, we found major-specific coefficients corresponding to the two work task scores that optimized
the prediction of major persistence. Then, we applied the estimated coefficients to the validation sample to form an interest-major
composite score representing the likelihood of persisting in entering major. Using the validation sample, we then tested a
theoretical model for major persistence that incorporated academic preparation, the interest-major composite score, and first-year
academic performance. The results suggest that (1) interest-major fit and first-year academic performance work to independently
predict whether a student will stay in their entering major and (2) the relative importance of two work task scores in predicting
major persistence depends on the entering major. The results support Holland’s theory of person-environment fit and suggest
that academic performance and interest-major fit are key constructs for understanding major persistence behavior. 相似文献
13.
Julio Gimenez 《Higher Education》2012,63(4):401-419
Generic attributes such as ‘holding a critical stance’, ‘using evidence to support claims’, and ‘projecting an impersonal
voice’ are central to disciplinary academic writing in higher education. These attributes, also referred to as ‘skills’, have
for a long time been conceptualised as transferable in that once learnt students are able to use them in a variety of contexts
and for a range of needs. Over the past few years, however, the conceptualisation of these attributes as transferable has
come under close scrutiny as they have been identified to be highly context-sensitive rather than context-flexible as they
were once thought to be. Drawing on data from a 2-year study on undergraduate academic writing in nursing and midwifery at
a university in the UK, this paper critically examines the role of disciplinary epistemologies in the conceptualisation of
these attributes in the two disciplines, and demonstrates how these beliefs help to shape academic writing at undergraduate
level, thus contributing to debates on generic skills and attributes and specificity in disciplinary discourses. The paper
concludes by highlighting the importance for writers to examine how knowledge is displayed, constructed and communicated in
their disciplines, and the significance of analysing the relationship between disciplinary epistemologies, generic attributes
and academic writing as a way of gaining access to and producing central discourses in their professional community. 相似文献
14.
John C. Smart Corinna A. Ethington Paul D. Umbach Louis M. Rocconi 《Research in higher education》2009,50(5):483-501
This study examines variability in the extent to which faculty members in the disciplinary-based academic environments of
Holland’s theory emphasize different student learning outcomes in their classes and whether such differences are comparable
for those in “consistent” versus “inconsistent” environments. The findings show wide variation in the extent to which faculty
members in four of the academic environments of Holland’s theory emphasize the alternative student learning outcomes and that
such differences vary based on the level of consistency or inconsistency in the environmental profiles of the environments.
The implications of these findings for future research using Holland’s theory to understand longitudinal patterns of change
and stability in the attitudes, interests, and abilities of college students as well as variability in the patterns of professional
attitudes and behaviors of college faculty are discussed. Attention is also devoted to the policy development and practical
implications of these findings for academic advisors, career counselors, and other college and university leaders. 相似文献
15.
Faculties of education and institutional strategies for knowledge mobilization: an exploratory study
The goal to enhance the impacts of academic research in the ‘real world’ resonates with progressive visions of the role of
universities in society, and finds support among policy makers who have sought to enhance the ‘transfer’, ‘translation’, ‘uptake’,
or ‘valorization’ of research knowledge in several areas of public services. This paper reports on an exploratory study of
the strategies used by selected Canadian and international faculties of education to mobilize research knowledge. Drawing
on data from semi-structured interviews with senior administrators of 13 faculties of education, the analysis reveals several
themes. Academic leaders recognize knowledge mobilization as a desirable institutional mission, but they identify a number
of barriers to greater efforts in this area. Although a number of strategies are employed, changes across multiple organizational
dimensions to encourage and support knowledge mobilization were reported at only two institutions. These results are relevant
to faculty administrators, scholars, and policy-makers interested in understanding the role of academic institutions in the
mobilization of research knowledge to the broader education community. 相似文献
16.
The study investigated how well report card grades communicate to students and parents that state educational standards are
being met, standards that are objectively measured by infrequently administered mandated assessments. Data sources were report
card grades and external assessment scores for 2006–09 for Ontario Canada. The information that parents and students received
about student performance from report cards and external assessments were similar (r
s
= .47) to the r = .40–.60 range previously reported. Teachers assigned higher grades than external assessments warranted, even after a major
source of construct irrelevant variance in report card grades (teacher ratings on multiple scales measuring student effort
and school commitment) was controlled. The relationship of grades to assessment scores was robust across genders, school district
types (Public versus Catholic) and language (English and French). Agreement of assessments was higher for grade 6 than for
grade 3 and for Writing than for Reading or Mathematics. Report cards provided information about students’ future achievement
that was accurate and delivered up to 2 years prior to the administration of external assessments. Seventy to 80% of students
who reached the provincial achievement standard on one or both prior report cards were successful on the subsequent external
assessment, compared to 30–50% of students who failed to meet the report card standard at least once. 相似文献
17.
Bev Rogers 《The Australian Educational Researcher》2003,30(2):65-87
Educational research has been criticised by governments and practitioners. For some politicians and policy makers, there is
a tendency to look for direct links between research and successful, effective and efficient practice. Research is needed
to inform their evidence-based practice as policy makers, and to provide the kind of research teachers need to base their
practice on the best available evidence for doing ‘x rather than y’ (Hargreaves 1996) or predicting the ‘size of the effect
of A on B’ (Blunkett 2000). There is no doubt that both teachers and policy makers do make decisions on a daily basis based
on some form of evidence. This paper explores Hargreaves’ notion of evidence-based practice, providing a range of criticisms.
It also examines Carr’s historical account of ‘praxis’ and ‘poiesis’ to suggest a notion of evidence-based praxis based partly
on the historical notion of ‘phronesis’ — practical wisdom. The basis for this is the argument that wise and practical ethical
and moral judgements are central to an understanding of teachers’ daily work. What to do in a specific educational situation
cannot be determined solely by theoretical beliefs or by ‘techne’. However the ethical dimension is not the only consideration.
The paper suggests that evidence-based praxis use Stenhouse’s notion of ‘actionable evidence’, which includes the ethical
dimension, but also Thomson’s concept of ‘thisness’, which describes the unique contextual characteristics of a school. If
disadvantaged schools can make some sort of difference to learning opportunities for students, it is argued that teachers
might engage in evidence-based praxis which involves them in reflecting on, and theorising what is happening in classrooms,
schools and neighbourhoods. This ‘praxis’ also involves them in modifying their theories, critically analysing ‘what works’,
questioning how they know and developing ideas about how things might be done differently. There will be an element of developing
knowledge about teaching and learning strategies (Hargreaves’ ‘body of knowledge’), but it will be in the context of the ethical
and moral dilemmas associated with education. It will take up the question of local differences as well as a realistic approach
to what constitutes actual school improvement. Evidence-based praxis is also essentially a collective activity not an individual
approach. Future development of the notion of evidence-based praxis might also include involving students in a more reciprocal
and open learning process like that highlighted by researchers who focus on student participation linked to school reform. 相似文献
18.
Variation in Students’ Experiences of the ‘Oxford Tutorial’ 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper examines Oxford University students’ conceptions of the role of the tutorial in their learning. An analysis of
interviews with 28 students constituted four qualitatively different conceptions of the ‘Oxford Tutorial’. These ranged from
the tutorial involving the tutor explaining to the student what the student did not know, to the tutorial involving the tutor
and the student in exchanging different points of view and both coming to a new understanding of the topic under discussion.
These different conceptions also appeared to be related to variations in students’ views of the role of the work done in preparation
for the tutorial, their view of the student’s and tutor’s roles in the tutorial, and the conception of knowledge that students
adopted in relation to the tutorial. The implications of this study are discussed in terms of the relations between students’
conceptions of tutorials and their anticipated learning outcomes and its implications for contexts outside of Oxford in terms
of students’ conceptions of academic tasks. 相似文献
19.
Brahm Fleisch 《Journal of Educational Change》2008,9(1):53-70
Despite significant and sustained gains recorded on the national secondary school leaving examinations between 1999–2004,
South Africa’s large-scale secondary school reform has receive little international attention. Defenders of the reforms have
argued that the ‘success’ in raising student achievement extended beyond gains in the percentage pass rates to include increased
numbers of students completing secondary schooling, a growth in the number of students eligible for admissions to university
and a decline in the number of ‘collapsed’ secondary schools in disadvantaged communities. Using a comprehensive dataset that
includes national examination results for all candidates between 1996 and 2004, survey information from a group of ‘collapsed’
secondary schools located in disadvantaged communities, qualitative data from school ethnographies, as well as official and
unofficial documentary sources, the paper locates student achievement within a framework of structural change in the post-apartheid
social order. It shows how student achievement is embedded in complex shifts in the state, economy and civil society. Specifically,
the paper examines how structural shifts are enacted at the levels of time-in-school, student expectations, school choice
and student selectivity.
相似文献
Brahm FleischEmail: Email: |
20.
Celia Whitchurch 《Higher Education》2012,64(1):99-117
This paper draws on qualitative data gathered from two studies funded by the UK Leadership Foundation for Higher Education
to examine the expansion of academic identities in higher education. It builds on Whitchurch’s earlier work, which focused
primarily on professional staff, to suggest that the emergence of broadly based projects such as widening participation, learning
support and community partnership is also impacting on academic identities. Thus, academic as well as professional staff are
increasingly likely to work in multi-professional teams across a variety of constituencies, as well as with external partners,
and the binary distinction between ‘academic’ and ‘non-academic’ roles and activities is no longer clear-cut. Moreover, there
is evidence from the studies of an intentionality about deviations from mainstream academic career routes among respondents
who could have gone either way. Consideration is therefore given to factors that influence individuals to work in more project-oriented
areas, as well as to variables that affect ways in which these roles and identities develop. Finally, three models of academically
oriented project activity are identified, and the implications of an expansion of academic identities are reviewed. 相似文献