国内农村土地保障相关研究综述

20世纪90年代中期以来,学界对农村土地保障问题给予了持续的关注。在土地保障的合理性、功能与绩效、未来农村土地保障改革趋向等方面,学者们展开了广泛的讨论。通过对近20年以上4个方面的相关研究进行综述,发现:未来的研究应更多采用实证方法去测量土地保障的绩效;注重制度创新与优化来实现土地保障功能的强化;针对中国农民群体的分层现状,农村社会保障体系的构建也应具体问题具体分析。     

“土地换发展”:城镇化发展中被征地农民“土地换保障”的利益重塑

“土地换保障”作为我国城镇化发展的产物,是推动城镇化发展的一项重要制度安排。当前,学界对“土地换保障”存在一些合法性与合理性的质疑,其实质反映了“土地换保障”的利益失衡危机：被征地农民在“土地换保障”过程中面临着极大的利益风险。以霍曼斯的交换理论为依据,将被征地农民在“土地换保障”中所涉及的交换命题划分为利益分配内容和利益分配机制两方面,分别对应“不完整—低水平”的社会保障、“单向性—即时性”的保障安置,其原因在于被征地农民主体性缺失、征地补偿性质存在偏差、资源配置市场机制缺位等方面。因此,要从“土地换保障”走向“土地换发展”,构建被征地农民的发展型保障。     

农民工——社会保障中的双重弱势群体

农民工是指具有农村户口身份却在城镇务工的劳动者。由于结构性、制度性的排斥,农民工的社会保障基本处于缺失的状态;而随着土地保障功能的弱化,农民工无法依靠有限的土地获得保障,因此农民工成为社会保障中的双重弱势群体。     

农村非农用地流转中的制度性缺陷及对策

“三农问题”的关键是农民问题,土地是农民的命根子,它对农民具有生产资料和社会保障的双重功能,在我国经济体制改革的城市化进程中,由于观念、政策、法规、监督机制等制度性原因,使广大的农民在非农用地流转中处于弱势地位,他们的经济利益,生存空间受到威胁,必须完善农村土地产权制度,在非农用地征用、补偿等方面进行制度创新,否则稀缺的土地资源将要受到灾难性破坏。     

失地农民社会保障问题研究

土地是农民的生存之本,对农民而言具备多方面的社会保障功能.然而随着工业化和城市化进程的加快,每年都会增加更多的丧失根本生存保障的失地农民.只有把失地农民纳入社会保障体系,才能实现农村社会保障与城市接轨,实现城乡社会保障一体化.     

社会主义新农村发展中失地农民社会保障制度的构建

在全面、正式的农村社会保障体系尚难以建立的情况下,土地实际担负着农民最基本的生活保障功能,具有无可替代的地位,当土地被征用后,农民便丧失了这个有形而长久的生活保障的载体。部分失地农民处于种田无地、就业无岗、低保无份,生活在城市的边缘,在就业、子女入学、社会保障等方面又享受不到有关政策,导致失地农民     

我国农村土地保障与基金保障的对比及取舍分析

在我国社会转型过程中,由于二元经济社会结构的遗存太多等原因,当前农村社会保障主要仍以土地保障为主,处于保障项目缺失、水平低下、社会性不足、自助性突出的状况.只有以基金保障替代土地保障,才能建立起适应市场经济的现代意义的我国农村社会保障体制.     

农转非背景下农村的养老保障问题——以重庆市酉阳县龚滩镇为例

从农转非的概念、背景以及解读重庆市户籍改革政策着手,以酉阳县龚滩镇为例,结合实地调查资料,发现农转非背景下农村养老保障存在的问题——社会养老保险不完善、家庭养老遭遇挑战、土地养老功能下降、社会养老不足等,进而提出应强化土地的保障功能、继续发挥家庭养老的传统优势、加大政府财政投入以健全和完善农村社会保障事业等建议。     

社区保障:现阶段农村社会保障的主体

我国农村社会保障一直未受到相应的重视和投入，在实践中也困难重重，基于目前这种发展状况，建立统一社会保障体系尚有困难。传统家庭保障和土地保障虽然已经式微，但仍然是重要的辅助。社区保障作为集体保障的新形式是现阶段农村社会保障的主体，它将在构建农村社会保障体系中发挥重要的过渡作用。     

论被征地农民社会保障机制的构建

农民被征地是推进工业化和城市化、实现现代化的必然.在我国,土地仍然担负着农民最基本的生活保障功能,在当前整个社会就业压力增大、传统的社会保障制度覆盖面窄的情况下,土地一旦被征收,就意味着农民生活失去了最基本的保障,他们的养老、医疗、就业等一系列的社会保障问题随之产生.从我国国情和被征地农民的迫切要求出发,现阶段尽快为被征地农民构建"生有所靠、病有所医、老有所养、壮有所业"的社会保障机制,是现阶段维护被征地农民权益、提高农民生活保障水平和维护社会稳定的最佳选择.     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.