字幕形式对英语视听学习影响的实验研究

学界广泛认同字幕在二/外语视听教学中的作用,但何种字幕形式效果最佳尚无定论。文章通过实验研究的方法,以同一内容、不同字幕形式(无字幕、英文字幕、中英字幕以及中文字幕)的四个视频文件作为视听材料,以200名非英语专业的大二学生作为研究对象,考察了四种字幕形式的视频对英语学习者视听理解、词汇习得以及视听焦虑三个方面的影响。研究结果表明,中英字幕和中文字幕在促进学习者视听理解、降低视听焦虑方面的效果更优,中英字幕还有助于促成学习者的词汇习得。     

Linguistic awareness skills in grade one children in a French immersion setting

This study examined the ability of children in French immersion and English programs to analyze the internal structure of spoken words in relation to their early reading and spelling abilities in English. Thirty-two children in the first grade were given a modified version of the Auditory Analysis Test, and reading and spelling tasks that included both real words and non-words. Results indicated that French immersion children were more proficient than their English program peers at explicitly analyzing spoken words and that the groups did not differ when reading and spelling orthographically regular real words and non-words. The English program children performed better than their French program peers only when reading orthographically irregular English words. These results demonstrate that second language learning enhances metalinguistic awareness and help to explain why children in immersion programs do not experience long-term difficulty in acquiring English written language skills.     

The effect of films with and without subtitles on listening comprehension of EFL learners

The present study represented a preliminary effort to empirically examine the efficacy of subtitled movie on listening comprehension of intermediate English as a Foreign Language students. To achieve this purpose, out of a total of 200 intermediate students, 90 were picked based on a proficiency test. The material consisted of six episodes (approximately 5 minutes each) of a DVD entitled ‘Wild Weather’. The students viewed only one of the three treatment conditions: English subtitles, Persian subtitles, no subtitles. After each viewing session, six sets of multiple‐choice tests were administered to examine listening comprehension rates. The results revealed that the English subtitles group performed at a considerably higher level than the Persian subtitles group, which in turn performed at a substantially higher level than the no subtitle group on the listening test.     

Linguistic analysis and reading skills of first graders in partial French and Hebrew immersion programs

This study compared the performance of 45 first graders in partial French immersion, partial Hebrew immersion, and traditional English programs on measures of linguistic analysis ability and early reading skills in English. A modified version of the Auditory Analysis Test (Rosner and Simon, 1971) established that both French and Hebrew immersion children were more proficient than their English program peers at explicity analyzing the internal structure of spoken words. Subjects in the Hebrew program read non-words more successfully than either of the other two groups, and read orthographically regular real words better than the control subjects. These results suggest that second language learning, even in a partial immersion setting, enhances linguistic awareness. The potential implications for reading skill acquisition are discussed.This research was funded by Grant A2008 from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.     

评《电视对话：情景喜剧〈老友记〉里的对话与自然对话的对比》

电视里的对话是否与真实语境中的自然对话一样？这个问题对于外语教学者和学习者来说至关重要,因为外语课堂大多都缺乏真实语境,而原版英文影视具有相对丰富的语境知识。库古力（Quaglio）的研究对比了情景喜剧《老友记》的对话和朗文语法语料库（Longman Grammar Corpus）中的自然对话子语料库两个语域里的语言特征及功能差异,得出的主要结论是该电视剧里的对话和日常生活中的对话在语言特征上基本上是相同的,但部分语言特征因情景等诸多因素存在一定差异。这无疑为将影视引入课堂的做法提供了理论依据,其研究结果对于广大英语学习者、教育工作者及研究语言的学者们都有借鉴意义。因此,库古力在综述其研究结果后指出,电视对话为教学目的提供极大的潜能。     

On the Translation Methods of the Subtitle in English Movies

English movie translation is a new field, especially subtitle translation. In recent years, with a large number of introducing foreign language movie, people on the audio and visual arts understanding and demand is going on with each passing day change, people's level to the foreign movie appreciation increase quickly. This requires the accuracy and rationality in subtitle translation. Subtitle translation is a kind of special language conversion type, in theory contains three basic elements: interlanguages information transfer, discourse of simplified or concentrate, and speaking into the written language. This thesis through to the English subtitles translate the study of the method of subtitle translation principles to be followed and the present subtitle translation problems are discussed in order to improve the quality of English movie subtitling translation.     

纪录片的字幕翻译探析——以《行星地球》为例

纪录片作为影视作品的一种形式,是一种创造性的思维过程,其字幕呈现的内容特点与其它作品有所不同,字幕翻译使用＂真实再现＂的手法旨在为观众再造一个现实。文章以《行星地球》为例,从纪录片字幕翻译的功能入手,以事实、概念、信息、画面的角度展开,提出纪录片字幕翻译三项策略,即遵守基本的行业规范;合理编排文本,力求清晰;简化文本,确保字幕翻译质量,最终达到文化传播与交流目的。     

Two-way and monolingual English immersion in preschool education: An experimental comparison

An experimental study was conducted comparing the effects of dual language, or two-way immersion (TWI) and monolingual English immersion (EI) preschool education programs on children's learning. Three-and four-year old children were randomly assigned by lottery to either a newly established TWI Spanish/English program or a monolingual English program in the same district. Children in the study were from both Spanish and English home language backgrounds. All classrooms in the study used the High/Scope curriculum, and all met high standards for teacher qualifications, ratio, and class size. The TWI program alternated between English and Spanish weekly by rotating children between two classrooms (and teachers) each week. Programs were compared on measures of children's growth in language, emergent literacy, and mathematics. Children in both types of classrooms experienced substantial gains in language, literacy, and mathematics. No significant differences between treatment groups were found on English language measures. Among the native Spanish speakers, the TWI program produced large gains in Spanish vocabulary compared to the EI program. Both TWI and EI approaches boosted the learning and development of children including ELL students, as judged by standard score gains. TWI also improved the Spanish language development of English language learners (ELL) and native English speaking children without losses in English language learning.     

同伴互评——远程英语教学的有机组成部分

在远程教育领域,注重对学习过程进行临控和反馈的同伴互评正日益受到重视.本文介绍了存远程英语教学中开展同伴互评的试验.试验结果表明,互评能促进远程英语教学质量的提高,增强学生的自我效能感和帮助他们掌握能用于今后学习的可转换技能.不管是在语言学习层面还是在学科学习层面,互评不仪是一个发现和纠正错误的过程,也是一个探究和互相学习的过程.经过悉心组织、开展和监控的同伴互评对认知、情感和可转换技能等都有明显促进作用.     

The effects of bilingualism on learning to read English: evidence from the contrast between Urdu‐English bilingual and English monolingual children

Learning to read in a shallow alphabetic orthography such as Urdu may depend primarily on phonological processing skills, whilst learning to read in a deeper orthography, such as English, may place more reliance on visual processing skills. This study explores the effects of Urdu on the acquisition of English literacy skills by comparing the reading, memory and phonological processing skills of bilingual Urdu‐English and monolingual English children (7–8 years). The bilingual children had more difficulty in reading irregular English words, but were better at reading regular words and nonwords compared to the monolinguals. The poor performance of the bilingual children with irregular English words was linked to their poor visual memory skills, whilst their good performance with regular words and nonwords was related to the presence of enhanced phonological skills. The results demonstrate the transfer of first language skills to reading development in a second language. In English, first language skills can facilitate the development of either lexical or non‐lexical routes to reading.     

Acquisition of three word knowledge aspects through reading

A number of studies have shown that second or foreign language learners can acquire vocabulary through reading. The aim of the study was to investigate (a) the effects of reading an authentic novel on the acquisition of 3 aspects of word knowledge: spelling, meaning, and collocation; (b) the influence of reading on the acquisition of partial and deeper knowledge of the words; and (c) the relationship between word frequency and learning gains. The results show that there was significant improvement in all three aspects of word knowledge. The measuring instrument detected greater partial than deeper knowledge gains in word meanings and collocations. The greatest learning gains in all three aspects of word knowledge were demonstrated for the words that occurred between 11 and 20 times in the text. The findings suggest that incorporation of extensive reading into language learning programs can contribute to significant improvement of learners' vocabulary knowledge.     

可理解性输入对大学生英语词汇习得的作用

美国语言学家S．D．Krashen的二语习得理论五个假设对我国大学生外语环境下习得词汇有指导意义。有3，000以上词汇基础的大二以上学生加大课后以获取信息为目的的自主阅读量，即进行可理解性自然语言阅读输入，不仅能有效增加词汇量，而且能有效提高已知词汇的运用能力。     

The pre-university English-educational background of college freshmen in a foreign language program: a tale of diverse private education and English proficiency

This study examines university students’ pre-university exposure to extra-curricular English instruction in tutorial or other private supplementary institutions in Korea and abroad. A questionnaire and an in-depth interview were administered to forty-three freshman students enrolled in a foreign language program at a comprehensive university in Korea. This study reports on the key findings in the questionnaire and on the personal language-learning experiences of seven interviewees chosen from the larger sample. The findings reveal that these students had undertaken widely different language instruction outside of school. Some had access to supplemental programs, while others relied completely on language training available in primary and secondary schools in Korea. Those with opportunities for study in venues outside the standard language sequence in Korean schools had significantly higher English proficiency and may affect their performance in their subsequent university-level English program. The paper concludes with the proposals for addressing discrepant English-learning backgrounds in order to remediate the significant differences in English language proficiency that characterize post-secondary programs at Korean universities.     

中国英语教学环境及其策略

英语学习环境目前在中国不是“二语”环境,还只能是外语环境。英语学习不是习得而是学得。中国英语教学是外语教学,其主要策略是为学习者营造课内外真实的英语环境,提供或指导学习者获得足够的质和量的输入,从而获得正确的输出。     

从英语发展史看英语中的外来词

语言是反映社会生活的一面镜子,而作为语言最敏感、最活跃因素的词汇,则是观察社会生活变化的一个窗口。随着我国对外交往的日益频繁,来自英语的外来词(借词)日益增多,特别是在中国进行改革开放的新时期,中外文化的多层次、多渠道的交流为词语的借用提供了多种条件。正如美国著名的语言学家萨丕尔所言:"一种语言对另一种语言最简单的影响是词的‘借贷’。只要有文化借贷,就可能把有关的词也借过来。"因此,我们可以从借词中窥见文化交流的方方面面,并通过词语借用方式来发掘沉积在一个民族心理结构中的深层内蕴。本论文分析了英语这门语言的发展史,包括外来词以何种方式引入到英语中,以及英语外来词的影响力和分类。     

试论英语对日语的影响--析源自英语的外来语

本文从外国语和本国语中外来语的关系入手,探讨了英语对日语在语音、语汇与语义等方面的影响,其结果是在日语中形成了独特的与原有词汇并存的同义词、同一英语词汇变成不同外来语含义以及和制英语等多种情形,并通过回顾英语借入日语的不同历史阶段的特点,从语义学阐明英语(外来语原语)与日语(本国语)之间存在着继承性和变异性,说明掌握英日语间这种嬗变规则对学好第二外语(日语)的现实意义。     

Acquiring reading and vocabulary in Dutch and English: the effect of concurrent instruction

To investigate the effect of concurrent instruction in Dutch and English on reading acquisition in both languages, 23 pupils were selected from a school with bilingual education, and 23 from a school with education in Dutch only. The pupils had a Dutch majority language background and were comparable with regard to social-economic status (SES). Reading and vocabulary were measured twice within an interval of 1 year in Grade 2 and 3. The bilingual group performed better on most English and some of the Dutch tests. Controlling for general variables and related skills, instruction in English contributed significantly to the prediction of L2 vocabulary and orthographic awareness at the second measurement. As expected, word reading fluency was easier to acquire in Dutch with its relatively transparent orthography in comparison to English with its deep orthography, but the skills intercorrelated highly. With regard to cross-linguistic transfer, orthographic knowledge and reading comprehension in Dutch were positively influenced by bilingual instruction, but there was no indication of generalization to orthographic awareness or knowledge of a language in which no instruction had been given (German). The results of the present study support the assumption that concurrent instruction in Dutch and English has positive effects on the acquisition of L2 English and L1 Dutch.     

Educational television as mediated literacy environments for preschoolers

Research on children’s television suggests that preschool programs can facilitate literacy and language development. In 1998 Whitehurst and Lonigan described two interdependent sets of skills involved in literacy acquisition: ‘outside‐in’ or oral language skills and ‘inside‐out’ or code‐related skills. Outside‐in skills support children’s interpretation or understanding of print by placing written language into context through oral language. Inside‐out skills focus on those skills involved in the translation of print into sounds and sounds into print. This study describes the production techniques of Between the Lions that contributed to preschooler’s observed behaviors from the outside‐in and the inside‐out.     

在线日语智能视频语料库JV-Finder的设计与实现——语境视域下跨文化交际能力培养

真实语境下学习外语对于提高跨文化交际能力有着重要的作用。但是在学习者母语环境下,学习者很难有机会接触到目标语真实语境。通过构筑以日语影视作品为语境语料的智能视频语料库,提供基于字幕、场景、功能的视频片检索功能,建设基于影视作品中准真实语境的多媒体立体语境平台,将会有效改善、弥补目标语语境匮乏的学习现状。