交叉科学研究：内涵、测度与影响

 面对复杂性、综合性和交融性的重大问题，单一学科的理论和方法往往难以进行全方位的深入探讨和系统建构，因而交叉科学研究日益成为解决人类发展重大难题不可或缺的研究范式。近年来，交叉科学研究日益得到各国政府和科技管理部门的高度关注，然而，什么是真正意义上的交叉科学？如何测度交叉科学？如何衡量交叉科学研究的影响力？本文从交叉科学的概念与内涵出发，围绕一系列交叉科学相关问题展开探讨，在明确交叉科学概念与内涵的基础上，进一步从学科多样性与凝聚性两个视角对交叉科学的测度指标进行了归纳，并从引文影响和社会影响两个角度分析了当前交叉科学的影响评价中面临的问题。以期能够深化对交叉科学的认知与理解，为我国交叉科学研究与实践提供一定的参考与启示。     

Critical ionization potentials by positive-ion impact

The experiments of several previous investigators were repeated in substance with apparatus designed to make it possible to distinguish between ionization and certain spurious factors which have made questionable much of the existing evidence relating to ionization by positive-ion impact. A great many current-potential measurements and curves were obtained at different gas pressures and with a variety of electrical arrangements. The data and curves thus obtained present direct evidence (a) that the previously so-called “ionization current” is due to a secondary electron emission from the platinum walls of the ionization chamber, (b) that this secondary electron emission is produced by the impact of the positive ions with these metal walls, (c) that either there is no ionization in hydrogen gas by the impact of the positive ions accelerated by potential differences up to 925 volts, or that if this phenomenon exists, as is indicated by visual and spectroscopic evidence, its effects are so small at relatively low pressures (.012 mm.) that it is completely masked by secondary phenomena which make its detection by the ordinary direct methods problematic, and (d) that it seems possible that at relatively high gas pressures (considerably above .012 mm.), ionization by positive ions might be an important factor with accelerating potential differences between the ends of their M.F.P. well within this same range of voltages.     

居民旅游影响感知、态度与参与行为研究

旅游的发展给旅游目的地社区带来了广泛的影响,社区居民是这些影响的主要承担者。本文以生态旅游地社区居民为研究对象,以居民影响感知为研究切入点,建立居民影响感知、态度与参与行为的关系模型以揭示居民旅游影响感知对其态度和参与行为的影响。论文以大连的三个生态旅游社区居民为调研对象,通过对回收的457份有效调研问卷数据进行可靠性和有效性检验,采用相关分析、回归分析和结构方程等数据分析方法,对居民旅游影响感知、态度和参与行为之间的关系进行检验。通过研究得出如下结论:居民对生态旅游正面影响感知对旅游发展的态度和参与行为有显著正面影响,居民对生态旅游负面影响感知对居民的态度没有显著影响,但对居民的参与行为有显著正向影响,居民对生态旅游发展的态度对其参与行为有显著正向影响。     

企业信息披露对消费者消费行为的影响研究

将虚拟手机生产企业作为研究对象,利用情景实验法公布正负面两类公开信息,采用结构方程模型分析企业公开信息对消费者行为的影响,研究企业形象和产品评价在企业公开信息对消费者购买意向影响中的作用。发现这两类变量具有完全中介作用的效果,发现企业能力对产品评价的影响,高于企业社会责任对产品评价的影响,发现企业社会责任对企业形象的影响,要高于企业能力对企业形象的影响。发现企业公开信息主要通过产品评价发挥对消费者购买意向的影响。     

Research addressing emerging technological ideas has greater scientific impact

This study empirically examines the association between the extent of emerging technological ideas in a scientific publication and its future scientific impact measured by number of citations. We analyze metadata of scientific publications in three scientific domains: Nano-Enabled Drug Delivery, Synthetic Biology, and Autonomous Vehicles. By employing a bibliometric indicator for identifying and quantifying emerging technological ideas – as derived terms from the titles and abstracts – we measure the extent to which the publication contains emerging technological ideas in each domain. Then, we statistically estimate the size and statistical significance of the relationship between the publication-level technological emergence score and the normalized number of citations accruing to the publication.Our analysis shows that the degree to which a paper contains technologically emerging ideas is positively and strongly associated with its future citation impact in each of the three domains. An additional analysis demonstrates that this relationship holds for citations from other publications, both in the same field as, and in different fields from, the scientific domain of the focal publication. A series of tests for validation further support our argument that the greater the extent to which scientific knowledge (a paper) contains emerging ideas, the bigger its scientific impact. Implications for academic researchers, research policymakers, and firms are discussed.     

多主体参与的服务创新影响机制实证研究

服务创新过程中如何充分有效地利用企业内外部创新主体是服务企业面临的重要课题。本文在对相关文献进行回顾与分析的基础上提出了服务创新过程中员工、顾客、供应商等多主体参与和顾客满意度之间关系的理论假设模型。采用实证研究的方法,进行问卷调查并进行结构方程分析,得出结果包括:顾客参与对员工参与、供应商参与有直接正向影响;供应商参与对员工参与有直接正向影响;顾客参与、供应商参与对顾客满意度有直接正向影响;员工参与对顾客满意度并没有直接影响。发现了员工参与、顾客参与、供应商参与及顾客满意度的综合影响机制,并得到一些启示。     

Investigating the impact of organizational climate,motivational drivers,and empowering leadership on knowledge sharing

This paper presents a research model aimed to investigate the impact of organizational climate, motivational drivers, and empowering leadership on behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing. A research model has been developed by integrating several knowledge management studies having in-focus behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing. The hypotheses are tested on data collected from 873 employees from public and private sector organizations from Serbia’s province of Vojvodina, using partial least square structural modeling technique and SmartPLS software. Findings suggest that organizational climate with prominent dimensions of fairness, innovativeness and affiliation, empowering leadership, sense of self-worth, and altruism significantly influence individuals’ knowledge-sharing attitude, intention, and behavior thus confirming the theory of reasoned action. Results obtained in this research expand and deepen findings reported in previous studies and enable a comprehensive framework for understanding the influence of some organizational variables on employees’ tendencies to be engaged in knowledge sharing.     

Examining supply chain collaboration with determinants and performance impact: Social capital,justice, and technology use perspectives

Supply chain collaboration is critical to achieving the integration of partners for performance impact. Two major concerns arise, organization's sharing behaviors and technology use behaviors. An organization's sharing behaviors relates to a decision of two perceptions among partners, commitment of network resources and fairness of network resources distribution. Further, technology use behaviors are important for members in IT-enabled supply chain. Social capital and justice issues intend to explain the two particular perceptions as IS success model defining technology use behaviors. This study integrates the three issues to examine their influence on supply chain collaboration and in turn, realized firm performance. Empirical findings report that technology use behaviors are most significant as other two issues are also concerned.     

Scientific novelty and technological impact

This paper explores the complex relationship between scientific novelty and technological impact. We measure novel science as publications which make new combinations of prior knowledge, as reflected in new combinations of journals in their references, and trace links between science and technology by scientific references in patent applications. We draw on all the Web of Science SCIE journal articles published in 2001 and all the patents in PATSTAT (October 2013 edition). We find that the small proportion of scientific publications which score on novelty, particularly the 1% highly novel scientific publications in their field, are significantly and sizably more likely to have direct technological impact than comparable non-novel publications. In addition to this superior likelihood of direct impact, novel science also has a higher probability for indirect technological impact, being more likely to be cited by other scientific publications which have technological impact. Among the set of scientific publications cited at least once by patents, there are no additional significant differences in the speed or the intensity of the technological impact between novel and non-novel scientific prior art, but the technological impact from novel science is significantly broader and reaching new technology fields previously not impacted by its scientific discipline. Novel science is also more likely to lead to patents which are themselves novel.     

期刊质量权重在细化影响因子计算公式中的应用与探讨

[目的]细化期刊影响因子计算公式,研究了考虑引用期刊学术质量的影响因子计算公式。[方法]在计算期刊影响因子时细化期刊质量权重的计算方式,采用以(当年)期刊影响因子占所有期刊影响因子的比重作为期刊质量权重的计算方法的修正。并在原有的数据基础上,进行统计模拟计算和数据分析。[结果]采用细化期刊质量权重的影响因子计算结果较为精确。[结论]细化期刊质量权重计算方式将得到了比以往更为合理的影响因子计算公式,为期刊评价体系提供有益的参考。     

激励、同事态度和个人文化对知识共享的影响

知识共享有利于促进企业员工知识更新与创新,提升企业竞争力,增加企业绩效。过去关于知识共享的研究很多是借助于信息技术的应用与支撑来开展,现在人们逐渐认识到知识共享是一个复杂的管理系统。本文选取了激励机制、同事态度与个人文化三个对知识共享产生影响的重要因素来展开实证研究,构建实验背景与材料进行了两组管理实验,一是组通过信息系统平台共享显性知识给全体组织成员,二组是通过互助交流共享隐形知识给组织的部分成员,通过对实验数据的分析,得出了一些研究结果:足够的奖励以及非货币奖励更能促进知识共享;把知识共享作为一种考核标准和增加培训均能增进知识的共享;同事态度对知识共享有显著影响;平面集体主义的个人文化与知识共享正相关。在此基础上提出几点管理启示与建议。     

Towards transdisciplinary impact of scientific publications: A longitudinal,comprehensive, and large-scale analysis on Microsoft Academic Graph

This paper studies the transdisciplinary impact of scientific publications with a longitudinal, comprehensive, and large-scale analysis on the Microsoft Academic Graph (MAG) dataset. More specifically, this paper aims to understand to what extent publications in discipline A have impact on discipline B. To this end, we propose a novel method to characterize the degree to which a publication impacts another discipline instead of its original discipline. We consider the ratio of the number of citations in a certain discipline and that in the original discipline. We also adopt an OLS regression to identify the equation between the ratio and the affinity of discipline pair and find a clear positive relation. This inspires us to categorize a publication's degree of transdisciplinarity by setting up two thresholds, the top 95% and the bottom 95% confident interval curve (of the fitted line). Publications above the top 95% curve is categorized as transdisciplinary ones, those below the bottom 95% curve as domain-specific ones, and those between the two curve as normal publications. This categorization does not require any pre-defined framework for transdisciplinarity and offers an automatic way of definition by data distribution itself. We find that sociology, mathematics, physics, and chemistry account for a great proportion of transdisciplinary publications that influence other domains, and that medicine, biology, economics, and geology have the greatest proportion of domain-specific publications that show impact in the original discipline. Moreover, we observe a negative relation between the number of citations and the proportion of transdisciplinary publications. A longitudinal analysis presents that the proportion of transdisciplinary publications shows a slightly increase trend for years.     

用文献计量学评价基础研究的几项指标探讨--论文、引文和期刊影响因子

近年来,在基础研究评估的诸多指标体系中,无一例外地引进了文献计量学的方法,其中论文、引文和期刊影响因子又被作为重要指标考虑因子之一。高影响因子的期刊是由于有一定数量的高质量论文支撑的结果,正是这些高质量的论文,才可能产生高水平的期刊,亦即期刊影响因子高。同一学科领域内高水平的期刊一定有多于一般水平期刊的高质量论文。引文是衡量论文影响力的重要因子之一。尽管引文情况复杂,有自引、他引、正引、反引、大段引用,点到而已;并且受学科、期刊数、从事人员多少等影响,也还有创新被认识等问题,但引文的重要性是客观存在的。     

六个学科三种期刊影响因子指标的比较研究

统计计算了JCR数据库中六个学科八十种期刊两年影响因子、五年影响因子和中值影响因子,并定量分析了每种学科三种影响因子的期刊排序变化,说明了两年影响因子具有科学性和存在的价值,指出了科学运用评价指标的必要性。     

环境政策、技术进步、市场结构对环境技术创新影响的实证研究

保持经济增长,减少能源消耗、缓解环境压力需要依靠科技创新。以中国大陆30个地区的大中型工业企业为例,通过建立面板模型,探讨了环境政策、技术进步,市场结构对环境技术创新的影响。结果表明,环境政策中,环境法制制度与环境影响评估制度对环境技术创新不存在显著影响,三同时制度存在正向影响,排污许可证制度、污染限期治理制度存在负向影响,且均存在累积效应。同时,人力资本存量对环境技术创新存在较之其他因素最大的正向影响,而研发投入却存在负向影响,说明劳动依然是我国大中型工业企业的主要贡献要素,发展模式仍属粗放型。此外,技术市场对环境技术创新存在正向影响及累积效应,说明对未来国内市场需求的预期会促进更多创新,而产品出口却不存在显著影响,说明出口贸易并未有效推动我国工业企业的环境创新。最后,结合对实证结果的分析与解释,给出了针对性的政策建议。     

卓越学术合作特征:模式、强度及影响力视角

本文以Web of Science数据库收录的C9高校H-index论文为样本,利用科学计量学指标,从合作模式、合作强度及影响力维度对合作特征进行了研究,主要有如下发现:(1)合作模式方面,C9高校全体呈"国际合作为主,独立撰写与国内合作并行"走势且不同模式均与影响力高度正相关;C9各校合作模式存在四种走势且不同模式与影响力间相关度需个案分析。(2)合作强度方面,C9高校全体与C9各校基本完全一致,即合作强度从无章可循到呈现一定规律性,且与影响力间均不存在显著相关关系。(3)合作模式与合作强度间不存在明显依赖关系。文末讨论了合作特征产生的可能原因及对中国科研管理实践的指导意义与参考价值。     

政策助推、创新搜索机制对科研绩效的影响 ——基于国家重点实验室的实证研究

本文以国家重点实验室科研工作者为研究样本,分析了政策助推、创新搜索机制对科研绩效的影响。建立了以问题界定和跨界搜索两种创新搜索机制为中介构念的政策助推影响科研绩效单中介和双中介模型,并采用Bootstrap法和PRODCLIN法检验了三个假设模型。研究发现：政策助推对科研绩效具有正向影响作用;创新搜索机制在政策助推影响科研绩效的过程中发挥完全中介作用,问题界定机制和跨界搜索机制的中介路径均具有统计显著性,但是问题界定机制的中介效果明显小于跨界搜索机制。研究丰富了创新搜索机制的前置要素分析,并增强对政策影响个体行为的关注。     

B吸收能力、知识整合对组织创新和组织绩效的影响研究/B

选取我国珠三角地区124家高科技企业作为实证研究对象,探讨吸收能力、知识整合、组织创新与组织绩效之间的关系。本文的研究结果表明：（1）吸收能力对知识整合有显著的直接正向影响;（2）吸收能力对组织创新没有显著的直接正向影响;（3）知识整合对组织创新有显著的直接正向影响;（4）组织创新对组织绩效有显著的直接正向影响。该实证结果对于人们正确     

开放式创新下企业开放度与外部关键资源获取

在开放式创新范式下,外部技术合作成为企业有效获取技术创新所需关键资源的一个重要途径。合作模式和开放度成为有效管理企业技术合作获取外部资源的关键。本研究对213个装备制造业企业为样本进行统计和曲线拟合得到了在不同模式下开放度与外部关键资源获取之间的关系。合作化开放度对新技术获取和专用性互补资产获取都呈现不同形状的倒U型关系,市场化开放度对新技术获取也呈现倒U型关系,但是对专用性互补资产呈现直线下降关系。统计结果有助于企业对照自身情况选择适当的合作模式和开放度以有效获取外部关键资源。