日本国家创新系统的历史演进（上）：二战前

本文分析了日本国家创新系统的演进过程。文中将日本国家创新体系的演变归纳为四个时期,即德川时代是日本科学技术的孕育期(1603-1867),明治时代至二战前是日本国家创新系统的构建期(1868-1945),战后至七十年度末是日本国家创新系统的重建与发展期(1945-1979),八十年代后是日本国家的创新系统的调整与完善期(1980-)。本篇主要分析德川时代、以及明治时代至二战前两个阶段日本国家创新系统的演变情况。     

The Employment of German Scientists in Australia after World War II

Soon after the end of World War II the Australian Government brought scientists of defeated Germany to Australia. They were to work in government institutions and private industry to contribute their expertise to improving Australian science and to improving Australia's industrial efficiency. The Allied powers occupying Germany were engaged in a scramble to appropriate German expertise for the next phase of the arms race. The Australian Employment of Scientific and Technical Enemy Aliens Scheme (ESTEA) instead channeled its personnel to basic science and industrial research. The personnel were part human reparations, part invited experts. This curious scheme offers insight into attitudes towards industrial regeneration in a previous era, and the importance of context in shaping attempts to alter existing scientific and industrial cultures.     

苏联卫国战争初期情报失误原因再思考及启示

战争初期的战略指导正确与否，关乎整个战争的成败。在高技术局部战争时代。如何避免敌人突然袭击。是我们必须从历史经验中吸取的首要的也是最重要的教训。本文试图从苏联卫国战争初期情报失误对战略指导影响的角度进行初步分析。总结对我现实情报建设的可借鉴之处。     

Combat science: the emergence of Operational Research in World War II

World War II became known as the "wizard war" because the cycles of developing countermeasures and counter-countermeasures to the weapons deployed by all sides drove rapid technological change. However, technological innovation was not the only contribution scientists made to the war effort. Through Operational Research (OR)--the scientific scrutiny of new weapons, their deployment and relative efficiency--scientists also influenced how warfare itself was conducted. This new scientific field emerged in the UK, where it helped to tighten the defense against the Luftwaffe. It quickly spread to other aspects of the military machine, improving both antisubmarine campaigns and bombing strategy. But although this analytical approach to warfare offered military commanders a factual basis on which to base difficult decisions and deal with tactical and strategic uncertainty, it was not without controversy. Indeed, several recommendations that came out of OR sparked disputes over the allocation of resources and strategic priorities.     

从世界视角看战后科技革命的历史影响

科学技术发生的每一次重大突破都会引起人类社会生活的深刻变革，并直接影响到世界历史的基本走向。自近代以来，人类社会已发生过三次重大的科技革命，其中第三次科技革命发生于二战后期并在战后得到迅速发展。战后科技革命无论是在规模、深度和影响上都是空前的。     

Engineering Organization and the Scientist in World War I: The Search for National Service and Recognition

Abstract

When the United States entered World War I in 1917, there was no elaborate framework for providing scientific advice to the government. Engineers and scientists struggled to find an appropriate mechanism, but the former found themselves subordinated to a scientific community which sought to dominate emerging structures. At stake was not merely the credit for helping win the war, but also an advantage in the coming postwar definition and expansion of industrial research. Scientific leaders sought advantage by making a distinction between ‘engineering research’ and engineering practice, and claiming jurisdiction over the former.     

"An expedition to heal the wounds of war". The 1919 eclipse and Eddington as Quaker adventurer

The 1919 eclipse expedition's confirmation of general relativity is often celebrated as a triumph of scientific internationalism. However, British scientific opinion during World War I leaned toward the permanent severance of intellectual ties with Germany. That the expedition came to be remembered as a progressive moment of internationalism was largely the result of the efforts of A. S. Eddington. A devout Quaker, Eddington imported into the scientific community the strategies being used by his coreligionists in the national dialogue: humanize the enemy through personal contact and dramatic projects that highlight the value of peace and cooperation. The essay also addresses the common misconception that Eddington's sympathy for Einstein led him intentionally to misinterpret the expedition's results. The evidence gives no reason to think that Eddington or his coworkers were anything but rigorous. Eddington's pacifism is reflected not in manipulated data but in the meaning of the expedition and the way it entered the collective memory as a celebration of international cooperation in the wake of war.     

Waking up to shell shock: psychiatry in the US military during World War II

During World War I, military officers encountered a new and puzzling phenomenon: soldiers emerged from the trenches stuttering, crying, trembling and at times were even paralysed and blind. Those in charge were convinced these soldiers were cowards or malingerers who deserved stern discipline or to be court-martialled. A number of physicians, by contrast, initially assumed that these alarming symptoms resulted from close exposure to explosions and called it shell shock. Later, they realized that it was a psychological reaction and came up with psychotherapeutic treatments. But it was only in World War II that military psychiatrists, particularly those in the USA, began to implement treatment methods for this phenomenon in a systematic way. Their thinking and the treatments they devised had significant consequences for the future of American psychiatry, which in turn influenced the development of psychiatry and military psychiatry world-wide.     

二战后主要发达国家学前教育发展趋势之探析

作为基础教育的基础、终身教育的开端的学前教育,在素质教育战略体系中具有举足轻重的地位。学前教育发展方向的把握,对学前教育事业的发展意义重大。在二战以前,只有很少的国家会把学前教育纳入国家教育体系,而二战后各国政府对学前教育的重视逐步加强,很多国家将学前教育纳入了国家教育体系,制定或完善了一系列相关政策法规,值得我们去探讨和借鉴。