金属和酸反应制氢气的题析

在金属与酸反应制氢气的计算中,往往金属中含有杂质,而且不同的金属与不同的酸反应,那么生成氢气的质量与哪些量有关呢？下面看不同金属与足量酸反应的情况。     

The reflection of hydrogen atoms from lithium fluoride

The paper describes the phenomena associated with the reflection of a sharply defined beam of hydrogen atoms from a crystal of LiF. Of primary interest is the fact that the atoms show interference effects in agreement with the wave mechanics theory and plane grating diffraction patterns are photographed. Evidence of the thermal agitation of the surface ions is obtained from the diffuse reflection with surrounds the specular beam.The Schrödinger wave equation for the motion of a free particle of mass m is

$\text{▽}{}^2\text{ψ ?}\text{4πmi}\text{h}\text{?ψ}\text{?t}\text{= 0}\text{(I)}$

. The solution of this equation corresponding to the kinetic energy $\text{mv}{}^2\text{2}$ is

where

$\text{v }\text{mv}{}^2\text{2}\text{and}\text{σ}\text{mv}\text{h}$

. The motion of such a particle should have the characteristics of a plane wave of frequency ν and wave-length $\text{λ =}\text{1}\text{σ}$. The experiments of various investigators¹ have shown the validity of the wave theory of the motion of the free electron and have given values of the wave-length in agreement with the theory.The free motion of atoms, ions and molecules should likewise have wave characteristics. In the case of the hydrogen atom, as the simplest example, the complete wave equation may be written in the form

$\text{I}\text{m}\text{▽}{}^2\text{x,y,zψ +}\text{I}\text{μ}\text{▽}{}^2\text{η,μζψ ?}\text{8π}{}^2\text{μ?ψ}\text{mh}{}^2\text{η}{}^2\text{+ μ}{}^2\text{+ ζ}{}^2$

$\text{?}\text{4πi}\text{h}\text{?ψ}\text{?t}\text{= 0,}\text{(3)}$

where x, y, z, are the coördinates of the center of mass of the atom and ξ, η, ζ the coördinates of the electron with respect to the center of mass. If m_? and m₊ are the masses of electron and proton, m and μ have the significance

$\text{m = m}{}_{\mathrm{?}}\text{+ m}{}_{\mathrm{+}}\text{and}\text{I}\text{μ}\text{=}\text{I}\text{m}{}_{\mathrm{?}}\text{+}\text{I}\text{m}{}_{\mathrm{+}}$

. Equation (3) is solved by

$\text{ψ = U}{}_1\text{(x,y,z) U}{}_2\text{(η, ν ζ) ?}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>2\pi iEt</mtext><mtext>h</mtext>}}$

, where E may have a continuous set of values and represents the total energy. U₁ and U₂ must satisfy the equations

$\text{▽}{}_1{}^2\text{U}{}_1\text{+}\text{8π}{}^2\text{mβU}{}_1\text{h}{}^2\text{= 0,}\text{(4)}$

and

$\text{▽}{}_2{}^2\text{U}{}_2\text{+}\text{8π}{}^2\text{μ}\text{h}{}^2\text{(α ?}\text{μ?}\text{m}\text{η}{}^2\text{+ ν}{}^2\text{+ ζ}{}^2\text{)}\text{U}{}_2\text{= 0}\text{(5)}$

, where

$\text{α + β + E}$

.     

啤洒中影响硫化氢含量的因素研究

通过对影响啤酒中硫化氩含量的因素如麦汁初始P H值、瓶装量、锌离子、D-苏氨酸以及二氧化碳的洗涤的研究,结果表明,瓶装量、锌离子浓度及D-苏氨酸对硫化氢的形成呈正相关性;麦汁初始PH值和二氧化碳的洗涤与硫化氢含量呈负相关性.     

The action of hydrogen peroxide on photographic gelatino-silver halide emulsions

1. The sensitometric characteristics of photographic plates exposed to hydrogen peroxide and developed are strikingly similar, both for time of exposures, time of development, and intensity i.e., concentration). Characteristic curves similar to H. and D. curves were obtained, including a period of “reversal.”2. A tentative theory of the action of hydrogen peroxide is suggested. It is supposed that the decomposition of peroxide is chemi-luminiscent, short wave-length radiation being afforded at the surface of the silver halide grain, and particularly at check the hypothesis that these nuclei consist of colloid silver.The authors desire to express their thanks to Mr. R. F. Quirk and Mr. E. Huberth for painstaking assistance in the experi- mental work, and to Miss Anber J. Benedict for making the pH measurements.     

Buffering action of acetate on hydrogen production by Ethanoligenens harbinense B49

The buffering effect of acetate on hydrogen production during glucose fermentation by Ethanoligenens harbinense B49 was investigated compared to phosphate, a widely used fermentative hydrogen production buffer. Specific concentrations of sodium acetate or phosphate were added to batch cultures, and the effects on hydrogen production were comparatively analyzed using a modified Gompertz model. Adding 50 mM acetate or phosphate suppressed the hydrogen production peak and slightly extended the lag phase. However, the overall hydrogen yields were 113.5 and 108.5 mmol/L, respectively, and the final pH was effectively controlled. Acetate buffered against hydrogen production more effectively than did phosphate, promoting cell growth and preventing decreased pH. At buffer concentrations 100–250 mM, the maximum hydrogen production was barely suppressed, and the lag phase extended past 7 h. Therefore, although acetate inhibits hydrogen production, using acetate as a buffer (like phosphate) effectively prevented pH drops and increased substrate consumption, enhancing hydrogen production.