The Educational Relevance of Research in Cognitive Neuroscience

The benefits of incorporating findings from cognitive neuroscience into the field of educational psychology are considered. The first section begins with arguments against the idea that one can ignore the brain when positing a model of student learning or motivation. The second section describes limitations in the methods used to reveal brain-cognition relations. In the third section, properties of the brain and brain development are described. The fourth section summarizes the cognitive neuroscientific research on attention, memory, reading, and math. Finally, areas of future research in cognitive neuroscience are suggested that would help answer important questions about individual and developmental differences in student learning.     

认知神经科学对元认知教育潜力的探索

近年来,由于建构主义对学生的自主学习及自我导向角色作用的推崇,元认知及其子结构——自我调控越来越得到重视。对于元认知的深度了解需要借助认知神经科学大量的实验研究,通过将这些实验研究与教育实践进行结合才能从根本上促进学生的自主学习和自我导向角色作用的发挥。认知神经科学中有关元认知的教育潜力的研究主要包括冲突解决、概念理解、错误检测等,理解这些对于掌握学生学习规律、提高教学质量具有重要的实践意义。     

We Feel, Therefore We Learn: The Relevance of Affective and Social Neuroscience to Education

ABSTRACT— Recent advances in neuroscience are highlighting connections between emotion, social functioning, and decision making that have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the role of affect in education. In particular, the neurobiological evidence suggests that the aspects of cognition that we recruit most heavily in schools, namely learning, attention, memory, decision making, and social functioning, are both profoundly affected by and subsumed within the processes of emotion; we call these aspects emotional thought . Moreover, the evidence from brain-damaged patients suggests the hypothesis that emotion-related processes are required for skills and knowledge to be transferred from the structured school environment to real-world decision making because they provide an emotional rudder to guide judgment and action. Taken together, the evidence we present sketches an account of the neurobiological underpinnings of morality, creativity, and culture, all topics of critical importance to education. Our hope is that a better understanding of the neurobiological relationships between these constructs will provide a new basis for innovation in the design of learning environments.     

On the Relevance of Research Findings in Cognitive Neuroscience to Educational Practice

In their target article, Byrnes and Fox (1998) argue that many of the recent findings from the field of cognitive neuroscience have particular importance for education. In our commentary, we lend support to their contention by reporting on some of our work that has potential relevance to the proposed interface between cognitive neuroscience and education. Specifically, we discuss the findings from several studies investigating the neuropsychology of intellectual giftedness, and sex differences in the brain, each of which suggest a unique functional organization that differentiates gifted from average ability adolescents, as well as males from females. We further propose that the translation of cognitive neuroscience findings into specialized classroom instructional methods which capitalize on the plasticity of the brain, as well as the apparent individual differences in its functional organization, may be the most significant challenge facing those in the front-lines of educational practice.     

Cognitive Processes,ICT, and Education: A Critical Analysis

Information and communication technologies (ICT) have brought about renewed spaces for the societies of today, full of possibility and transformation. Bordering on the infinite, these spaces have generated new activities and behaviors. This technological scenario is now commonplace, an everyday reality that has taken root in our lives with remarkable speed. Now would therefore be an appropriate time to open up a line of inquiry into how this is shaping educational practice and how it is affecting our cognitive structures. We have chosen to conduct a review of relevant literature that will enable us to adopt a critical analysis to our subject: education and, above all, the learner, seen from the perspective of neuroscience and social analysis. However, the principal aim of this paper is to lay bare the disparities between research findings and current educational practices that use ICT.     

一个跨学科的必然趋势：教育学认知神经化

认知神经科学、脑科学等学科在教育学领域的延伸使得教育学课堂发生认知神经化。教育学认知神经化为教育学发展提供新路向,原因在于认知神经科学使得教育学建立在脑的基础上,并为教育学的科学性提供证言。教育学认知神经化为教育学发展谋求机遇,可以一定程度上消除"学科派"和"职业派"的分歧——重理论或重技能,致力于构建理论与实践相结合的课堂;同时也为教育学的发展带来挑战——达到五个必须:必须改变"空谈说教"理念的蒂固,必须引进专业师资,必须进行团队协作,必须设置认知神经科学等相关课程,必须拥有专业化技术及设立专门化实验室。     

关联理论对语篇连贯实现的认知解释

关联理论的出现,使得许多语言学家从话语相关方面来解释语篇的连贯性。关联理论的明示推理交际模式是一个动态的过程,给我们提供了新的研究语篇连贯的视角,比编码—解码模式有着更大的优越性,在语篇连贯实现方面有着较强的解释力。     

关联理论对语篇连贯的认知解释

连贯是语篇的基础,是一个复杂的语言现象,它涉及到语义、语用及认知等方面。功能语篇连贯的研究主要集中在从形式或语义角度进行考察,认为连贯是文本固有的语言现象。而关联理论的明示推理交际模式给我们提供了从认知的角度探讨交际中话语连贯的实现途径,在语篇话题对连贯理解的作用方面有较强的解释力。     

基于关联理论的名词化短语的认知研究

名词化现象一直受到语言学家的关注,但对名词化现象已有的研究很少涉及认知层面的探讨。关联理论认为言语交际是一种心理认知过程．交际的核心是寻求最佳关联进而推出交际者的交际意图。试图根据关联理论从最佳关联和认知语境两方面分析名词化语言的使用和理解过程。     

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development and Its Relevance to Education

Isaksson, A. 1979. Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development and Its Relevance to Education. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 23, 47‐63. The main assumptions and categories of Kohlberg's theory of moral development are succinctly outlined. New empirical studies and critical reviews are discussed, and their implications for the theory assessed. It is concluded that the theory is correct in its basic assumption of viewing moral development as a sequential progression towards more complex structural wholes that can be conceptualized as levels or stages. Empirical evidence is found to lend greater support to the identity of three sequential structural levels than to six distinct stages. Kohlberg's and his associates’ approach to moral education is briefly described. The relevance of the theory to moral education is seen as self‐evident. The conditions for the efficacy of moral educational programmes are discussed. The general conclusion of the article is that Kohlberg's approach has proven its basic theoretical and heuristic value. The theoretical framework favoured by the author is cognitive‐developmental.     

认知神经科学对智力的研究新进展

文章对智力和智力测验的研究历史进行回顾并指出其存在的主要问题 ;阐述认知神经科学对于智力的主要观点和最新研究成果 ,以及人们对此的不同看法 ,并就认知神经科学中智力的研究方向提出意见     

Carving Metacognition at Its Joints: Protracted Development of Component Processes

Two experiments investigated the development of metacognitive monitoring and control, and conditions under which children engage these processes. In Experiment 1, 5‐year‐olds (N = 30) and 7‐year‐olds (N = 30), unlike adults (N = 30), showed little evidence of either monitoring or control. In Experiment 2, 5‐year‐olds (N = 90) were given performance feedback (aimed at improving monitoring), instruction to follow a particular strategy (aimed at improving control), or both. Across conditions, feedback improved children's monitoring, and instruction improved both monitoring and control. Thus, children's poor metacognitive performance likely reflects a difficulty engaging the component processes spontaneously rather than a lack of metacognitive ability. These findings also suggest that the component processes are distinct, with both undergoing protracted development.     

Skill,Thrill, and Will: The Role of Metacognition,Interest, and Self-Control in Predicting Student Engagement in Mathematics Learning Over Time

Maintaining learning engagement throughout adolescence is critical for long-term academic success. This research sought to understand the role of metacognition and motivation in predicting adolescents' engagement in math learning over time. In two longitudinal studies with 2,325 and 207 adolescents (ages 11–15), metacognitive skills, interest, and self-control each uniquely predicted math engagement. Additionally, metacognitive skills worked with interest and self-control interactively to shape engagement. In Study 1, metacognitive skills and interest were found to compensate for one another. This compensatory pattern further interacted with time in Study 2, indicating that the decline in engagement was forestalled among adolescents who had either high metacognitive skills or high interest. Both studies also uncovered an interaction between metacognitive skills and self-control, though with slightly different interaction patterns.     

从关联理论视角简析总统辩论中认知语境的作用

本文以关联理论为视角,选用明示-推理模式,以美国总统大选辩论为语料,分析认知语境在话语构建中的作用。本文发现,辩论双方通过使用非关联或者欠关联的话语方式扩大、缩小、偏移或者重建认知语境,从而达到回避问题、抨击对手、自我实现的语用效果,认知语境的改变成为有效的语用策略。     

元认知理论在现代远程开放英语教学中的应用

元认知是认知主体对自身认知的认知。元认知能力直接影响到学习者的自主学习能力,从而影响到学习者英语学习水平的提高。教师在现代远程开放英语教学中应引入元认知理论,以提高学生的元认知能力,从而提高学生英语自主学习能力。     

聋儿心理理论的发展及其培养

心理理论的研究是心理学中近年来研究的热点问题,心理理论是社会认知的重要组成部分。我国聋儿占残疾人总数的比例很大,探讨聋儿的心理发展与教育对于构建和谐社会具有十分重要的现实意义。目前对聋儿心理理论的研究主要集中在聋儿对错误信念的理解和其他心理状态的发展等方面。研究结果一致认为聋儿心理理论的发展落后于正常儿童,主要原因是语言交流障碍、早期家庭环境不良、学校教育不够重视等。对聋儿心理理论的培养应从注重早期诊断和语言训练、促进家庭中有效的语言交流、充分利用学校教育、扩大聋儿人际交往等方面入手。     

皮亚杰认知发展阶段理论及其在素质教育中的应用

皮亚杰认知发展理论包括认知发展的阶段说和影响认知发展的因素分析两部分内容，前者把人的认知发展过程分为感知运算阶段、前运算阶段、具体运算阶段和形式运算阶段连续的四个时期；每一个时期的发展都受成熟和经验、社会经验、平衡等因素的影响。皮亚杰认知发展阶段理论，对我国中小学教育改革和培养学生的素质具有重要的启示意义。     

社会认知神经科学：取向、研究与未来方向

社会认知神经科学是社会心理学与认知神经科学相结合的跨学科研究领域,旨在对社会心理现象在神经、认知和社会三个水平实现整合性研究。当前的研究主要集中于刻板印象、态度与态度改变、他人知觉、自我认知以及情绪与认知交互作用等传统社会心理学的范畴上面,主要范式是应用认知神经科学的方法来验证社会心理学在这些范畴上的各种不同理论观点,并在某些方面取得了突破性进展,但仍存在着广泛的发展空间。未来的研究应采用整合性研究与分离性研究相结合、自下而上与自上而下相结合的研究思路,这有助于建立心理学统一的研究范式。     

Temperament Dimensions in Preschool Children: Links With Cognitive and Affective Theory of Mind

Research Findings: The present cross-sectional study investigated the question of whether 6 different temperament dimensions (inhibition to novelty, social orientation, motor activity, positive emotionality, negative emotionality, and attention) influenced cognitive and affective theory of mind (ToM) in 168 children (86 three/four-year-olds and 82 four/five-year-olds). Temperament was measured via a parent-report questionnaire, cognitive ToM via a classical false-belief task, and affective ToM via a comprehensive test tapping 3 levels of emotion comprehension (external, mental, and reflexive). In addition, language competence was assessed with a direct test evaluating both receptive and expressive language. The results showed that after we controlled for language ability, inhibition to novelty predicted higher levels of cognitive ToM in 4/5-year-old children. In addition, higher levels of social orientation predicted better comprehension of the external aspects of emotion in both younger and older children. Practice or Policy: Our results highlight the importance of the early identification of less sociable children, who might benefit from training interventions aimed at increasing their affective ToM abilities. At the same time, they are also consistent with previous evidence indicating that an inhibited approach to social interaction can promote false-belief understanding.     

关联理论对称谓语的认知解读

关联理论认为在交际中,对交际意图的识别就是对言语意义的理解。交际中称谓语的使用过程就是称谓者（说话人）与被称谓者（受众或读者）通过关联图式的打破或激活方式来相互认知的过程。这就是关联理论框架下称谓语的认知解读机制。