维生素C催化酯化合成草酸二丁酯

用维生素C作催化剂,环己烷作带水剂,以草酸与正丁醇为原料合成了草酸二丁酯;考察了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、带水剂用量、反应时间对草酸二丁酯收率的影响。结果表明,维生素C有着良好的催化活性,在草酸用量0.1 mol,醇酸摩尔比3.5∶1、催化剂用量为反应物总质量3.0%、环己烷用量32mL条件下回流反应40 min,草酸二丁酯收率可达94.8%。     

Naphthalene decomposition in a DC corona radical shower discharge

The naphthalene decomposition in a corona radical shower discharge (CRS) was investigated, with attention paid to the influences of voltage and initial naphthalene density. The OH emission spectra were investigated so as to know the naphthalene decomposing process. The by-products were analyzed and a decomposing theory in discharge was proposed. The results showed that higher voltage and relative humidity were effective on decomposition. The initial concentration affected the decomposing efficiency of naphthalene. When the initial naphthalene density was 17 mg/m³, the decomposition rate was found to be 70% under 14 kV. The main by-products were carbon dioxide and water. However, a small amount of carbonic oxide, 1,2-ethanediol and acetaldehyde were found due to the incomplete oxidization.     

Preparation of high performance ceramic tiles using waste tile granules and ceramic polishing powder

This paper presents an innovative approach to reusing waste tile granules （TG） and ceramic polishing powder （PP） to produce high performance ceramic tiles. We studied formulations each with a TG mass fraction of 25.0% and a different PP mass fraction between 1.0% and 7.0%. The formulations included a small amount of borax additive of a mass fracton between 0.2% and 1.2%. The effects of these industrial by-products on compressive strength, water absorption and microstructure of the new ceramic tiles were investigated. The results indicate that the compressive strength decreases and water absorption increases when TG with a mass fraction of 25.0% are added. Improvement of the compressive strength may be achieved when TG （up to 25.0%） and PP （up to 2.0%） are both used at the same time. In particular, the compressive strength improvement can be maximized and water absorption reduced when a borax additive of up to 0.5% is used as a flux. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that a certain amount of fine PP granules and a high content of fluxing oxides from borax avail the formation of glassy phase that fills up the pores in the new ceramic tiles, resulting in a dense product with high compressive strength and low water absorption.     

保险粉清洁生产工艺

介绍了保险粉副产物的生成及废水、废气、废渣的处理工艺，经过一系列的循环综合利用，不仅实现达标排放，还取得了较好的经济效益．     

两性聚丙烯酰胺在污泥脱水中的应用研究

本论文首先以氨基乙酸和丙烯酰氯为原料制备丙烯酰胺基乙酸钠(NaSAA)单体,然后以丙烯酰胺(AM)丙烯酰胺基乙酸钠(NaSAA)和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为单体,(NH4)2S2O8和NaHSO3为自由基引发剂,采用水溶液聚合法合成丙烯酰胺/丙烯酰胺基乙酸钠/二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵共聚物.通过研究AM/NaSAA/DMDAAC共聚物絮凝和脱水性能,发现丙烯酰胺/丙烯酰胺基乙酸钠/二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵共聚物是一种优良的絮凝剂.     

近临界水中甲苯氧化生成苯甲醛

1IntroductionIn recent years,there are many papers published ontoluene oxidation to benzaldehyde.The most i mpor-tant research works of these papers are electric oxida-tion and toluene oxidizied by using air in gas phase orin liquid phase.A novel technology for benzaldehydeproduction is developed,with which manganese sul-fate reacts with ammonium carbonate to yield manga-nese carbonate and ammoniun sulfate.Manganese car-bonate is baked for being changed into manganese ses-quioxide,which can ox…     

杂多酸催化合成顺丁烯二酸二丁酯

用顺丁烯二酸酐和正丁醇为原料,分别以磷钨酸和磷钼酸为催化剂,合成了顺丁烯二酸二丁酯。通过正交实验考察了反应时间、催化剂用量、酐醇摩尔比、带水剂用量等因素对酯收率的影响,最佳工艺条件下,收率可分别达到96.7％和94.9％。     

α-溴代富马酸二甲酯的合成

α-溴代富马酸二甲酯（α—BrDMF）的合成分为两步：以冰乙酸为溶剂,富马酸二甲酯（DMF）与溴发生亲电加成反应生成富马酸二甲酯二溴化物（α—BrDMF）;d—BrDMF与氢氧化钠的乙醇溶液共热,发生消除反应可得α—BrDMF。在单因素实验的基础上通过正交实验对反应条件进行了优化,得到最佳反应条件。加成反应最佳工艺条件为：当DMF与溴的摩尔比为1：1．1,在4℃下反应10h,产率为70．6％。消除反应最佳工艺条件为：反应物料摩尔比为1：1,在60℃下反应2．5h,可得灰白色固体α—BrDMF。皮肤过敏性测试表明α—BrDMF无明显致敏性。     

Isolation,chemical characterization,and immunomodulatory activity of naturally acetylated hemicelluloses from bamboo shavings

Bamboo shavings, the outer or intermediate layer of bamboo stems, are the bulk of by-products produced in bamboo processing. In this study we investigated the isolation, chemical characterization, and immunostimulatory activity in vitro of the hemicelluloses from bamboo shavings. Shavings were first pretreated by steam explosion. The optimal pretreatment was found to be steam explosion at 2.2 MPa for 1 min. Following this pretreatment, the yield of hemicelluloses reached (2.05±0.22)% (based on the dry dewaxed raw materials), which was 5.7-fold higher than that of untreated samples. Bamboo-shavings hemicellulose (BSH) was then prepared by hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation from the steam-exploded shavings. Purification of BSH by anion-exchange chromatography of diethylaminoethanol (DEAE)-sepharose Fast Flow resulted in a neutral fraction (BSH-1, purity of 95.3%, yield of 1.06%) and an acidic fraction (BSH-2, purity of 92.5%, yield of 0.79%). The weight-average molecular weights (M _w) of BSH-1 and BSH-2 were 12 800 and 11 300 g/mol, respectively. Chemical and structural analyses by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 1D (¹H and ¹³C) and 2D (heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC)) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra revealed that BSH-1 was O-acetylated-arabinoxylan and BSH-2 was O-acetylated-(4-Omethylglucurono)- arabinoxylan. BSH-1 had a higher content of acetyl groups than BSH-2. For the immunomodulatory activity in vitro, BSH and BSH-2 significantly stimulated mouse splenocyte proliferation while BSH-1 had no effect; BSH, BSH-1, and BSH-2 markedly enhanced the phagocytosis activity and nitric oxide production of the murine macrophage RAW264.7 in a dose-dependent manner. Our results suggest that the water-extractable hemicelluloses from steam-exploded bamboo shavings are naturally acetylated and have immunostimulatory activity.     

富马酸二甲酯的合成工艺研究

以马来酸酐为原料二步法合成富马酸二甲酯.首先,马来酸酐水解异构化合成富马酸,采用一种新的异构化催化剂,反应的最优条件为:15g马来酸酐和25mL水反应,加入0.1g催化剂,回流1h,产率为93.2%.然后,富马酸酯化合成富马酸二甲酯,采用对甲苯磺酸作催化剂,通过正交实验得到反应的最佳条件为:富马酸15g,对甲苯磺酸3g,醇酸摩尔比12:1,回流4h,产率为67.5%.二步法的总产率可达62.9%.     

Synthesis and paste properties of octenyl succinic anhydride modified early Indica rice starch

Octenyl succinic anhydride （OSA） modified early Indica rice starch was prepared in aqueous slurry systems using response surface methodology. The paste properties of the OSA starch were also investigated. Results indicated that the suitable parameters for the preparation of OSA starch from early Indica rice starch were as follows： reaction period 4 h, reaction temperature 33.4℃, pH of reaction system 8.4, concentration of starch slurry 36.8% （in proportion to water, w/w）, amount of OSA 3% （in proportion to starch, w/w）. The degree of substitution was 0.0188 and the reaction efficiency was 81.0%. The results of paste properties showed that with increased OSA modification, the starch derivatives had higher paste clarity, decreased retrogradation and better freeze-thaw stability.     

732阳离子交换树脂催化合成乙酸异戊酯

以乙酸和异戊醇为原料,环己烷为带水剂,用732阳离子交换树脂催化合成乙酸异戊酯。探讨了催化剂用量、原料配比、反应时间、反应温度对合成乙酸异戊酯的影响。结果表明,合成较佳工艺条件：异戊醇0.1 mol、醇酸摩尔比1：1.7、环己烷6 mL、催化剂0.9 g,保温回流2 h,乙酸异戊酯的平均产率为54.6%。该催化剂重复使用6次后其催化活性开始降低。     

新型防腐剂富马酸二甲酯的合成研究

在固体酸S04^2-/ZrO2-MoO3催化下，由马来酸酐和甲醇催化合成富马酸二甲酯(DMF)。探讨了催化剂用量，原料配比，反应时间对DMF产率的影响，确定了最佳反应条件为：醇酸摩尔比为6：1，反应时间3h，催化剂用量1．5％，该条件下，产物收率达93％以上。     

Tiny pollutant emissions of a dimethyl ether fuelled engine

Emissions of dimethyl ether （DME） fuelled engines were investigated by orthogonal experiments on a ZS195 diesel engine. The study mainly focused on the tiny pollutant emissions of formaldehyde （CH2O）, methyl formate （CH3OCHO） and formic acid （HCOOH）. The presence of CH2O, CH3OCHO and HCOOH are proved in the exhaust by gas chromatograph and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The analysis of variance results indicate that the fuel delivery advance angle is the most important factor for CH2O emission. The fuel delivery advance angle and the interaction of injection pressure and nozzle diameter are considerable factors for unburned hydrocarbon （UHC） emission. The mechanism forming tiny pollutants, primarily through CH2O formation, is suggested to be similar to the mechanism forming UHC by DME partial oxidation existing in crevices and boundary zones, and is verified via DME combustion simulation of a multizone chemical kinetic model.     

Reductive denitrification of nitrate by scrap iron filings

INTRODUCTION Nitrate contamination in groundwater and sur-face water has become an increasingly serious envi-ronmental problem. Anthropogenic sources such asnitrogen fertilizers, animal wastes, and septic systemsaccount for most nitrate contamination of ground-water. Nitrate itself is relatively non-toxic. However,it can be microbially reduced to nitrite, which posesseveral health threats to humans including methemo-glo-binemia, liver damage and cancers. Nitrate out-flow onto shallow cont…     

关于武当山可持续发展的思考

武当山世界文化遗产 ,是不可再生的资源 ,是先人留给人类的瑰宝 ,是古代灿烂文化和文明的见证 ;也是一个国家、一个地方文明的标志。科学保护、合理利用武当山世界文化遗产的宗旨是保持其真实性和完整性 ,使之世代传承、永久利用     

Application of density-functional theory to studying methylation with dimethyl carbonate and dimethyl sulfate

The activities of dimethyl carbonate and dimethyl sulfate as a methylation reagent were studied by density-functional theory (DFT). B3LYP/6-31G(d, p) methods were used to optimize the structures of dimethyl carbonate and dimethyl sulfate and calculate theirs charge densities. Dimethyl sulfate is easier than dimethyl carbonate to react with a nucleophilic reagent. In dimethyl sulfate, the alkoxy carbons are the only reactive atomic nucleus because of steric hindrance. A nucleophilic reagent is more likely to react with carbonyl carbons than alkoxy carbons of dimethyl carbonate;in the presence of a Lewis acid, the phenyl nucleophilic reagent reacts with the Lewis acid first. Lewis acid increases the negative charge density of a nucleophilic reagent in polar solvent, and also incurs an accretion of steric hindrance. Polar solvent avails to ionize dimethyl carbonate and thus enables the reaction of methylation. The frequencies of transition state calculated by Gaussion 03 confirm the inferred reaction mechanism. The harvest rates of 4-methoxyphenol in the experiments of methylation reactions of hydroquinone with respectively dimethyl carbonate and dimethyl sulfate support the foregoing theortical conclusions.     

Oxidation of Lingwu coal extraction residue in aqueous sodium hypochlorite under mild conditions

To investigate the structural features and provide an alternative method for high value-added utilization of coal, Lingwu coal was first extracted with organic solvent at room temperature. Then its extraction residue was oxidized in aqueous sodium hypochlorite(ASHC) under mild conditions. The effects of oxidation conditions, such as temperature, reaction time, the ratio of Lingwu coal extraction residue(LCER, g) to ASHC(m L) and p H value, on the product distributions and compositions were investigated. The results of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS) suggested that 53 kinds of methyl esterified products were detected in total, and benzene carboxylic acids were the main oxidation products, while chloro-substituted benzene carboxylic acids were the main by-products. Higher yield and fewer kinds of organic acids could be obtained at lower p H value, especially for the main objective product, benzene carboxylic acids.     

羧甲基纤维素/壳聚糖高吸水性树脂的制备与性能

采用水溶液聚合法,制备了羧甲基纤维素/壳聚糖(CMC/CTS)高吸水性树脂。考察了CMC/CTS比值(质量比)、甘油质量、聚乙二醇质量及反应温度等各因素对产物吸水性能的影响,并通过正交试验,确定最佳的合成条件。采用红外光谱对产物结构进行分析。结果表明,高吸水性树脂的最佳合成条件为CMC/CTS为3:1、甘油为1.60 g、聚乙二醇为3.20 g、反应温度为25℃时,其吸水率为405 g.g-1,且吸水速率适中,保水性能良好,是一种环境友好型高吸水性树脂。     

5-降冰片烯-2,3-二羧酸二甲酯的合成与表征

研究了以5-降冰片烯-2,3-二酸酐(NA)和甲醇为原料、甲苯为带水剂,磷酸做催化剂,合成5-降冰片烯-2,3-二羧酸二甲酯的过程。在此条件下,产率可达89.6%以上。并通过高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)分析、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(IR)、气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对产物进行了表征。