Calculating the information content of an information process for a domain expert using Shannon''s mathematical theory of communication: A preliminary analysis

The problem addressed in this article is to use Bertram Brookes' ‘fundamental equation’ as a starting off-point for a conceptual exercise whose purpose is to set out a method for calculating the information content of an information process. The knowledge structure variables in the Brookes' equation are first operationalized, following principles set out in Claude Shannon's mathematical theory of communication. The set of ‘a priori’ alternatives and the a priori probabilities assigned to each member of the set by the person undergoing the information process is the operational definition of the variable ‘K[S]’ from the ‘fundamental equation,’ which represent the person's knowledge structure ‘before’ the information process takes place. The set of ‘a posteriori’ alternatives and the revised probabilities assigned to each member of the set by the person undergoing the information process is the operational definition of the Brookes' variable ‘K[S + ΔS],’ which is the person's knowledge structure ‘after’ the information process takes place. To illustrate how the variables can be determined, an example of a information process is used from a recent real-life archeological discovery.     

Trends in analyzing access to information. Part II. Unique and integrating conceptualizations

Part II summarizes and extends the review of fundamental conceptualizations of access to information across six relevant research literatures developed in part I. It identifies unique underlying assumptions of the concept `access to information' within each of the different disciplines. We discuss implications of the conceptualizations of access, and of influences and constraints on access. We then integrate the common and unique conceptualizations and the implications to propose a general model of access to information. The goal of the two articles is to identify common and unique, as well as hidden and overlooked, aspects of how access is conceptualized in a selected set of relevant literature, and to suggest a comprehensive perspective that may be applied to future studies and policies related to information access.     

学科研究主题与文献量的关系研究

利用文摘统计法,对内燃机专业文献进行了统计分析,用布拉德福曲线和布鲁克斯方程表明了学科的研究主题与文献量之间的关系,同核心研究主题与核心期刊的存在规律相似,可以用与确定核心期刊相似的方法来确定。     

试论复合图书馆参考咨询馆员知识结构--基于Brookes方程的探讨

本文试从参考咨询过程入手 ,结合Brookes方程 ,就参考咨询馆员知识结构的合理化问题进行初步探讨。并基于此对图书馆参考咨询工作提出了 3项建议。     

信息科学领域基础研究的管理特性分析

摘要：本文简要回顾了国家自然科学基金在信息科学技术领域基础研究方面资助的总体情况及发展趋势,从信息学部在“十一五”前三年资助项目情况并结合信息科学技术的学科特点出发,阐述了我国信息科学技术领域基础研究的五个方面管理特性,探讨了如何围绕管理特性开展科学基金管理工作的原则和方法。     

加强高校科研信息管理的思考

首先阐述了高校科研信息管理的意义,然后分析了高校科研信息管理过程中存在的问题,最后针对这些问题从提高科研信息管理人员素质、实现科研信息资源的共享、及时准确发布科研信息、编撰科研管理工作手册以及建立信息员制度等五个层面阐释了解决对策。     

大学生微博信息利用行为实证研究——基于杭州下沙6所高校的调查分析

在提出研究假设的基础上．对杭州下沙高教园区大学生微博用户作关于使用动机、行为、认知态度等的随机抽样调查和分析。从微博定位、关注对象、功能选择、界面风格及发布内容等方面,探讨图书馆如何适应微博平台的属性和大学生微博信息利用的特点,提供高质量、高人气的微博信息服务。     

认知负荷理论及其在信息系统研究中的应用与展望

[目的/意义] 本文对认知负荷理论在信息系统研究领域的相关重要研究文献进行梳理与总结,为研究者提供思路和方向。[方法/过程] 通过对国内外相关文献的梳理,总结该理论在信息系统研究中的应用,并分别讨论每个方面的研究成果,讨论目前研究中存在的问题和未来的研究方向。[结果/结论] 认知负荷理论在信息系统研究中的应用主要包括信息检索研究、信息系统设计研究、信息系统效能评估3个方面。目前的研究存在"应用认知负荷理论研究用户的信息系统使用的研究范围不够广泛""缺少对内在认知负荷、外在认知负荷和关联认知负荷的定量研究"的问题,未来的研究可以在拓展应用认知负荷理论进行信息系统使用研究的研究情境、探究更多种类的信息检索工具对用户认知负荷的影响、研究削减用户的认知负荷的辅助工具等方面进行探索。     

Consumer health information needs: A systematic review of measures

Information needs motivate human information behavior. Knowledge of information needs is critical for user-centered information behavior research and system design. In consumer health information behavior research, there is a lack of understanding of how consumer health information needs (CHIN) is measured in empirical studies. This study is a systematic review of empirical quantitative studies on CHIN, with a focus on how CHIN is defined and operationalized. A search of six academic databases and citation-track of relevant articles identified a total of 216 relevant articles. These articles were analyzed using the qualitative content analysis method. We found that few included articles explicitly defined either CHIN or information needs in general. When definitions were given, they were from a cognitive perspective and largely ignored the multidimensionality of the concept. Consistent with this cognitive-centered conceptualization, CHIN was operationalized primarily as information topics, with some articles also measuring several additional attributes, including level of importance, fulfilment, amount of information needed, and frequency of needs. These findings suggest that CHIN is undertheorized. To address this gap, future studies should attend to social and emotional dimensions of CHIN, such as motivations, goals, activities, and emotions. Further, more research is needed to understand how CHIN is related to consumer health information seeking behavior and to the social and environmental context in which the needs arise.     

安全信息经济学的学科构建研究

目前安全科学学科体系和安全信息论中,安全信息经济学尚为空白。开展安全信息经济学学科构建,进一步完善安全科学学科体系,促进安全信息研究与应用。首先,基于安全信息学、安全经济学与信息经济学的基本理论,提炼出安全信息经济学的定义并阐释其内涵;然后,论述安全信息经济学的理论基础并凝练其研究内容,从5个方面概括安全信息经济学的研究方法,提出安全信息经济学的研究程序;最后,从3个方面展望安全信息经济学的应用前景。研究结果表明,安全信息经济学的构建具有坚实的理论基础和广泛的应用前景:在理论方面,可作为安全信息学和安全经济学的下属学科;在实践方面,可用于企业安全资源优化配置、安全管理和风险决策等。     

社会化商务社区中用户信息处理行为影响研究——基于眼动实验的比较分析

【目的/意义】围绕社会化商务社区中的信息搜索和信息处理,从认知心理学和神经学视角探究用户对商品 信息的偏好及关注程度,有助于帮助社区提供优质的信息服务,实现社区推荐智能化。【方法/过程】选取典型的社 会化商务社区为研究背景,通过眼动实验收集数据,挖掘社区中的信息呈现（客观事实型信息vs.主观评价型信息） 和商品类型（享乐型商品vs.实用型商品）对用户信息处理可能的影响规律。【结果/结论】用户对不同的信息在处理 上存在显著性差异,和客观事实型信息相比,用户在了解商品时更关注主观评价型信息;商品类型显著影响用户在 社区中的信息搜索和信息处理,用户更关注享乐型商品的主观评价型信息而关注实用型商品的客观事实型信息。 【创新/局限】现有研究多从社会环境、信息系统、用户特征等方面研究用户信息行为的影响因素,本研究从信息维 度出发借助眼动实验的方法为社会化商务社区中的用户信息行为提供新的研究视角。     

管理信息系统中自适应导航模型的构建

管理信息系统是以管理人员为主导,帮助企业实现信息化的重要工具和手段。然而,现有的管理信息系统的相关研究缺乏对管理人员自身需求与特质的研究。研究旨在构建符合管理人员认知需求与认知偏好的,管理人员所喜爱的管理信息系统。本文立足于传统的Web系统的相关研究,以管理人员的任务目标和自身的基础属性与特征属性为关联因素,构建了管理信息系统自适应导航模型,提出了从底层数据到静态关联信息集,最终到动态信息集的构建思路。管理信息系统自适应导航模型的构建以管理人员信息需求为中心,首先以岗位职责、信息需求、业务活动等要素为任务导向构建静态模型,其次以管理人员自身特质和偏好关联动态模型,最终构建出符合企业自身实际情况,满足管理人员信息需求和认知偏好的信息系统自适应导航模型。     

Cognitive systems for intelligent business information management in cognitive economy

This paper will present new theoretical and applied solutions for intelligent data analysis and information management in the fields of cognitive economics. Intelligent data analysis and information management are performed by information systems called cognitive systems, dedicated for semantic interpretation of acquired business information. To interpret the meaning of the analysed data, complex linguistic algorithms must be used, based on which it is possible to find the core information elements for business processes forecasting and economical knowledge management. The presentation of selected methods of semantic data analysis in cognitive economy, which allow to perform both local and global information management forms the main subject of this paper. Here, semantic analysis methods are dedicated to cognitive economics problems, namely the interpretation, analysis and assessment of the meaning of selected sets of economic/financial ratios. The meaning of the interpreted data sets is assessed by analysing the layers of meaning contained in data analysed sets. Obtained semantic information may be used in future business processes evaluation and forecasting.     

Codification vs personalisation: A study of the information evaluation practice between aerospace and construction industries

In the emerging digital economy, the management of information in aerospace and construction organisations is facing a particular challenge due to the ever-increasing volume of information and the extensive use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). This paper addresses the problems of information overload and the value of information in both industries by providing some cross-disciplinary insights. In particular it identifies major issues and challenges in the current information evaluation practice in these two industries. Interviews were conducted to get a spectrum of industrial perspectives (director/strategic, project management and ICT/document management) on these issues in particular to information storage and retrieval strategies and the contrasting approaches to knowledge and information management of personalisation and codification. Industry feedback was collected by a follow-up workshop to strengthen the findings of the research. An information-handling agenda is outlined for the development of a future Information Evaluation Methodology (IEM) which could facilitate the practice of the codification of high-value information in order to support through-life knowledge and information management (K&IM) practice.     

整合利用信息化档案资源提高医院管理效率

本文通过整合利用医院多类型信息化的档案资源,进行了提高医院管理效率的实践。主要包括以下几个方面:首先,就人事档案管理方面,在信息化的人事档案基础上实现对人事档案信息安全共享和知识管理,提高医院人事管理效率及科学性。其次,就临床电子档案利用扩展方面,利用信息技术实现医学影像档案的信息共享,将PACS系统与医疗上的医生站、护士站系统以及计算机管理系统、图书馆联网一体化等现代化信息技术联网,实现医院影像档案的资源共享。另外,发挥临床教学档案在医院重大活动中的作用,为临床教学人员开展医疗、教学、科研工作提供系统的依据。最后,通过医院评审中电子统计信息档案发挥的重要作用,深化统计信息档案在医院管理中的应用,提高医院管理效率。     

Information management: A challenge for business education

The paper argues that too much of the focus of attempts to integrate IT into the business curriculum has been on either the acquisition of IT skills or on attempts to use IT to support the teaching process. Whilst accepting that these are necessary developments, it is argued that more attention needs to be placed on the meaning of information. This argument is developed through a review of the potential impacts of IT on the role of the manager. From this review it is argued that more emphasis is needed on embedding information management in the curriculum and that a fundamental underpinning for this is the notion of information literacy. A number of areas for further research and development are outlined.     

Problems of music information retrieval in the real world

Although a substantial number of research projects have addressed music information retrieval over the past three decades, the field is still very immature. Few of these projects involve complex (polyphonic) music; methods for evaluation are at a very primitive stage of development; none of the projects tackles the problem of realistically large-scale databases. Many problems to be faced are due to the nature of music itself. Among these are issues in human perception and cognition of music, especially as they concern the recognizability of a musical phrase. This paper considers some of the most fundamental problems in music information retrieval, challenging the common assumption that searching on pitch (or pitch-contour) alone is likely to be satisfactory for all purposes. This assumption may indeed be true for most monophonic (single-voice) music, but it is certainly inadequate for polyphonic (multi-voice) music. Even in the monophonic case it can lead to misleading results. The fact, long recognized in projects involving monophonic music, that a recognizable passage is usually not identical with the search pattern means that approximate matching is almost always necessary, yet this too is severely complicated by the demands of polyphonic music. Almost all text-IR methods rely on identifying approximate units of meaning, that is, words. A fundamental problem in music IR is that locating such units is extremely difficult, perhaps impossible.