以工程造价课程教学视角论新手教师实践性知识的生成策略

教师实践性知识侧重强调教师在实际教学活动中所获得的,具有教师个人特点的缄默知识.关注新手教师实践性知识的生成,不仅有利于新手教师的迅速成长,也能充分体现教师对自身专业发展的诉求.本文从教师实践性知识的再认入手,以工程造价课程教学为切入点,结合新手教师的成长特点,尝试从课堂观察、师生与师师问交往、个人生活方面提出新手教师实践性知识的生成策略.     

教师实践性知识建构取向的教育实习研究

教师实践性知识是教师专业发展的重要基础。本文在对传统教育实习之对教师实践性知识建构缺失分析的基础上,提出了要使教育实习真正成为实习生教师实践性知识建构的有效途径,就必须变革陈旧的教育实习观念,拓展教育实习的内容与形式,强化教育理论与实践的结合,建立、健全教育实习管理机制。     

新手教师实践性知识的建构——从教师生活史分析

新手教师阶段是决定一位教师日后专业发展成败的关键期,新手教师的发展比其它教师生涯阶段面对的挑战更为艰难,挫折经验也相对多,尤其是入职的第一年。本通过一位新手教师成长过程的叙事研究,从生活史角度对新手教师成长的轨迹作了描述与探析：新手教师正是在过去经验、现在情境和将来计划、行动的交织中,在实践与反思的循环反复中,批判、审视自己原有的信念,建构、更新自己的实践性知识,战胜困难与挫折,从新手教师成为一名专家教师。     

教师实践性知识建构取向的教育实习研究

教师实践性知识是教师专业发展的重要基础.本文在对传统教育实习之对教师实践性知识建构缺失分析的基础上,提出了要使教育实习真正成为实习生教师实践性知识建构的有效途径,就必须变革陈旧的教育实习观念,拓展教育实习的内容与形式,强化教育理论与实践的结合,建立、健全教育实习管理机制.     

幼儿园教师实践性知识的特征与生成路径——基于新手、熟手、专家型教师的课堂实录

课堂教学活动蕴含着幼儿园教师的活动领域、教育情境、教育对象、教师自我以及教育本质等实践性知识的载体。运用TBAS与S-T分析系统,对幼儿园新手、熟手、专家教师的活动实录进行视频分析,结合教师对活动过程的深入反思,探究教师实践性知识的特征与生成路径。结果显示:幼儿园新手、熟手与专家教师的实践性知识分别以形式变化、教材认知、儿童发展为价值取向。其生成路径的关键环节——行动反思水平有很大差异。新手教师是"形式"为重的机械照搬,熟手教师属于"生产"式的技术之思,专家教师凸显"批判"式的实践之思。通过个体和实践共同体持续反观实践,使新手教师理论知识实践化与内化、熟手教师实践知识理论化、专家教师理论与实践知识共生,是不同阶段教师实践性知识发展的关键。     

教师在线实践社区中的教师实践性知识建构的个案研究

教师专业发展计划的一个重要方面,就是要在研究教师的实践性知识的基础上,使教师能够运用其实践性知识合理地指导自己的教学实践改进。文章以教师在线实践社区COP中的三位成熟教师和一位新手教师为个案研究对象,以教师在线实践社区中教师实践性知识的建构为研究问题,运用内容分析法、访谈法和统计分析方法,在进行个案研究的基础上发现:实践社区中的教师的实践性知识是通过共同参与实践的过程逐渐形成的,是一种动态性的知识;教师在进行实践性知识构建时,首先识别的问题是可直接观测到的问题;成熟教师与新手教师在实践性知识建构过程中的试探性理论及解决方案上会表现出比较大差异;成熟教师与新手教师之间会相互影响,新手教师会表现出直接吸取成熟教师实践性知识的倾向;成熟教师在实践性知识建构时,能够更容易地指向自己的教学改进。     

教育实习期间职前英语教师专业发展的个案研究

教师的专业发展,最重要的就是教师实践性知识的发展。本研究采用个案研究的方法,全程跟踪一名本科院校英语专业学生的整个实习过程,以了解实习对职前英语教师发展的作用。研究结果显示:在心理上,实习生感受到"理想与现实的落差";在知识上,积累和丰富了教师实践性知识;在实践上,实习生的反思能力增强了,执教能力有了新的突破。     

新手型实训教师实践性知识的发展策略研究

教师实践性知识作为一种独特的知识形式,不仅为教师专业自主权的诉求提供有力证据,也为教师专业发展提供重要的知识基础。对于缺乏经验的新手型实训教师,其实践性知识的发展是一个个体性与情境性相互作用的发展历程。新手型实训教师需要通过个体主动参与、实践共同体的合作学习、行动中反思等策略逐渐建构个人的实践性知识,为其专业成长提供理论指导,进而实现由新手型教师到专家型教师的转变。     

互动对实习教师实践性知识获得与转化的影响

实践性知识是教师专业知识构成的核心和关键.教师实践性知识的获得有两个途径:一方面,教师在面对教育教学的问题情境时,通过与情境的对话,调动已有的经验,以行动中反映的方式生成自己的实践性知识;另一方面,教师的实践性知识的获得主要是在实践共同体中通过互动来实现的.前者是教师与问题情境的互动,后者是教师与重要他人之间的互动.对于缺乏反思意识和经验的新手教师来说,后者是获得实践性知识的一种便捷途径.文章通过一个善于学习的实习教师从指导老师手把手的指导中获得实践性知识的案例,证实教学是一种极具反思性的实践活动.对于处于实习过程中的新手教师而言,如何养成善于反思的习惯、增进反思的能力是教师教育值得关注的重要课题.     

师范生实践性知识培养途径探析

实践性知识是教师专业发展和自我成长的核心因素,而促进教师发展的关键在于促进教师实践性知识的不断丰富。教师实践性知识是新手教师成长的关键,师范类高校就要从阅读教育经典,开展案例教学,巧设课堂障碍,加强见习观摩,扎实顶岗实习等方面培养师范生获得和丰富实践性知识,为师范生能快速胜任教师角色奠定基础。     

Probing the amalgam: the relationship between science teachers’ content,pedagogical and pedagogical content knowledge

ABSTRACT

This Special Issue aims to present evidence about the relationships between content knowledge (CK), pedagogical knowledge (PK) and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK); the development of these types of knowledge in novice and experienced secondary science teachers; and how CK, PK and/or PCK impact students’ learning. Since Shulman’s introduction of PCK as the feature that distinguishes the teacher from the content expert, researchers have attempted to understand, delineate, assess and/or develop the construct in pre- and in-service teachers. Accordingly, empirical findings are presented that permit further discussion. Outcomes permit post-hoc examination of a recent, collectively described, ‘consensus’ model of PCK, identifying strengths and potential issues. As we will illustrate, the relationship between CK, PK and PCK is central to this; that is, probing the hypothesis of pedagogical content knowledge as an ‘amalgam’ of content and pedagogical knowledge.     

新手英语教师实践性知识建构与重构的叙事探究

教师的实践性知识是教师专业实践能力发展的知识基础。文章从教师实践性知识的构成要素和生成机制入手,采用叙事探究的研究方法,通过分析小陈老师与"糟糕班"之间的故事来探索处于教学最初阶段的新手教师的实践性知识是如何建构与重构的。     

Epistemological framing and novice elementary teachers' approaches to learning and teaching engineering design

As engineering learning experiences increasingly begin in elementary school, elementary teacher preparation programs are an important site for the study of teacher development in engineering education. In this article, we argue that the stances that novice teachers adopt toward engineering learning and knowledge are consequential for the opportunities they create for students. We present a comparative case study examining the epistemological framing dynamics of two novice urban teachers, Ana and Ben, as they learned and taught engineering design during a four-week institute for new elementary teachers. Although the two teachers had very similar teacher preparation backgrounds, they interpreted the purposes of engineering design learning and teaching in meaningfully different ways. During her own engineering sessions, Ana took up the goal not only of meeting the needs of the client but also of making scientific sense of artifacts that might meet those needs. When facilitating students' engineering, she prioritized their building knowledge collaboratively about how things work. By contrast, when Ben worked on his own engineering, he took up the goal of delivering a product. When teaching engineering to students, he offered them constrained prototyping tasks to serve as hands-on contexts for reviewing scientific explanations. These findings call for teacher educators to support teachers' framing of engineering design as a knowledge building enterprise through explicit conversations about epistemology, apprenticeship in sense-making strategies, and tasks intentionally designed to encourage reasoning about design artifacts.     

Professional primary school teacher identity development: a pursuit in line with an unexpressed image

The results presented in this article are taken from a case study of novice primary school mathematics teachers’ professional identity development from the perspective of the teachers themselves. The empirical material was collected through self-recordings, observations and interviews. The results show how the professional identity development of these novice teachers becomes a pursuit in line with their image of a primary school teacher. To develop a sense of themselves as primary school teachers they need to establish their own criteria - individual (including graduation and personal knowledge) and social (the ability to work in one school, have colleagues and have a class of their own for which they do the planning and teaching). These criteria are shown to be both a precondition for and a part of professional identity development. The novice teachers’ image of what it means to be a primary school teacher directs their actions and becomes the goal of their professional identity development. Because of its high impact, student and novice teachers’ image of primary school teachers ought to be made visible in both teacher education and teacher induction.     

专家型教师的知识结构及其发展模式分析

教师专业发展的核心是教师的知识建构。专家型教师不仅具有丰厚的理论性知识,还具有大量的实践性知识,并能够灵活地进行理论知识和实践知识的转化,在建构知识的过程中能够不断创新知识,其知识结构是多元化的。新手教师要成为专家型教师可按照模仿、借鉴、反思、实践、科研的知识发展模式,实现从理论知识到实践知识的转化,在教学实践中不断将实践知识内化,最后完成由实践知识到理论知识的升华,构建合理的知识结构。     

Teacher involvement in curriculum design: need for support to enhance teachers’ design expertise

Teacher involvement in curriculum design has a long tradition. However, although it fosters implementation of curriculum reforms, teachers encounter various problems while designing related to conditions set for the design process, and lack the knowledge and skills needed to enact collaborative design processes. Providing support to enhance teachers’ design expertise is essential, since most teachers are novice designers. However, little is known about the nature of the support offered to improve teachers’ design expertise. In this explorative study, six teachers and six facilitators offering support reflected on an enacted design process, the problems they experienced and the support offered. The findings indicate three gaps in teachers’ design expertise related to three domains (1) curriculum design expertise, (2) pedagogical content knowledge and (3) curricular consistency expertise. The outcomes of this study illustrate the importance of supporting teacher designers during the design process and enhancing teachers’ design expertise. By offering (tailored) support to teachers, the enacted design process and the quality of the design materials are expected to improve.     

Pedagogical content knowledge in science education: perspectives and potential for progress

Pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), since its inception as teacher‐specific professional knowledge, has been researched extensively. Drawing on a wide range of literature, this paper seeks to clarify how the potential offered by PCK could be utilised to further develop science teacher education. An analysis of PCK models proposed by various researchers, together with methods of elucidating PCK in experienced and novice teachers, is provided. The paper argues that making PCK more explicit in the teacher education process may help novices adjust to teaching, as well as aiding experienced teachers in developing more reflective practices.     

Resolving the amalgam: connecting pedagogical content knowledge,content knowledge and pedagogical knowledge

ABSTRACT

This paper concludes the Special Issue (SI) ‘Probing the Amalgam: the relationship between science teachers’ content, pedagogical and pedagogical content knowledge’. We review the five papers (Sorge et al; Gess-Newsome et al; Kind; Pitjeng-Mosabala and Rollnick; and Liepertz and Bronowski) by discussing evidence these present regarding the relationships between content knowledge (CK), pedagogical knowledge (PK) and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK); the development of CK, PK and PCK in novice and experienced secondary science teachers and how CK, PK and/or PCK impact students’ learning. In conclusion, we draw these findings together in offering proposals for future research via reconsideration of Shulman’s amalgam. This includes post-hoc examination of a PCK model known as ‘the Consensus Model’ (Gess-Newsome, [2015]. A model of teacher professional knowledge and skill including PCK: Results of the thinking from the PCK Summit. In A. Berry, P. J. Friedrichsen, & J. Loughran (Eds.), Re-examining Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Science Education (pp. 28–42). New York, NY: Routledge; Neumann, Kind, & Harms [2018]. Probing the amalgam: The relationship between science teachers’ content, pedagogical and pedagogical content knowledge. International Journal of Science Education, 1–15) and presentation of a novel PCK structure based on evidence from the SI studies.     

‘We were expected to be equal’: teachers and academics sharing professional learning through practitioner inquiry

This paper describes a process in which early childhood professionals, who were novice researchers, engaged in their own research projects in collaboration with academics through a practitioner inquiry group. The aim of the project was to introduce the concepts and practices of practitioner enquiry, and learn about, plan and implement a self-initiated change project in consultation with academics. The paper details how a group of teachers succeeded in sustaining a community of practice that promoted teacher professionalism and change. Research has previously called for a shift in professional habitus and raised concerns about the value of teacher learning groups, the dispositions of teachers to call on academic research, and by implication, the desire to work actively with academics. Here we draw upon empirical data to raise the hope that the enablement and dissemination of collaborative change-focused research projects, while challenging, may provide viable avenues for successful teacher change.     

Pedagogy,empowerment and discipline: comparative perspectives of novice teachers in England and Turkey reflecting on ‘the other’

This article discusses the views of Turkish and British novice teachers on pedagogy and pedagogical relationships with school students when confronted with the pedagogical practices of the ‘Other’ in particular policy contexts. Experiences of those practices were gained by novice teachers during an exchange visit for British and Turkish university students in the period 2008–2009. Data was collected through questionnaires and focus group interviews. Findings suggest that Turkish and British novice teachers initially constructed the ‘Other’ as very different from themselves. The views of members of both groups were heavily influenced by the cultural contexts in which they trained and worked. British novice teachers tended to take as axiomatic constructivist and inclusive approaches to pedagogy and the relevance to successful pedagogy of listening to students’ voices. Turkish novice teachers questioned both, many seeing control and dissemination of knowledge as central to pedagogy and student teacher relationships.